{ "model": { "rank": 1028, "code": "thing-q9081", "model_id": "vr.tr.knowledge", "name": "knowledge", "purpose": "Let an agent distinguish knowledge from belief, opinion and information, state the justification behind claims, and represent uncertainty honestly.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q9081/", "tier": 2, "score": 198, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "discursive knowledge", "inexperience", "existing knowledge", "maternal knowledge", "democratic competence", "a priori", "Visual Studio .NET", "political literacy", "experiential knowledge", "research knowledge", "ecological knowledge", "GeoKnowledge", "explicit knowledge", "knowledge of law", "traditional knowledge", "open knowledge", "trivia", "self-knowledge", "commonsense knowledge base", "wir haben es nicht gewußt", "insider knowledge", "competence", "a priori and a posteriori", "procedural knowledge", "Vidya", "general knowledge", "scientific literacy", "route knowledge", "uncertain knowledge", "Abhijna", "collective memory", "local knowledge", "medical knowledge", "descriptive knowledge", "exotericism", "psychological nativism", "knowledge in Islam", "gnosis", "intellectual competition", "embodied knowledge" ], "aliasCount": 63, "merged": 67, "knownIn": 198, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q9081", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9081", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T05:35:33Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q9081", "registryId": "vr.tr.knowledge", "name": "knowledge", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q9081/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.knowledge", "name": "knowledge", "purpose": "Let an agent distinguish knowledge from belief, opinion and information, state the justification behind claims, and represent uncertainty honestly.", "definition": "Awareness or understanding of facts, skills or objects, often characterised in philosophy as justified true belief, and in practice as information that people or systems can use reliably.", "what_it_is_for": "Guiding action, teaching and decision-making.", "affordances": [ "acquire and share it", "justify and test it", "record and organise it", "lose or forget it" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Requires truth and justification, unlike mere belief", "Propositional, procedural and acquaintance knowledge", "A priori and a posteriori knowledge", "Tacit knowledge is hard to express" ], "appearance": "Not visible; expressed in statements, skills, texts and systems.", "visual_identification": [ "Claims with sources and justification", "Skills shown in performance", "Knowledge bases and documentation" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "propositional knowledge (knowing that)", "procedural knowledge (knowing how)", "tacit and explicit knowledge", "a priori and empirical knowledge", "local and traditional knowledge" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "belief", "why": "without justification" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "epistemology", "why": "philosophy" }, { "relation": "is recorded in", "target": "document and database", "why": "records" }, { "relation": "is acquired through", "target": "education", "why": "learning" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Intellectual property and trade secret law", "Protections for traditional knowledge (Nagoya Protocol)" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Presenting belief or guesswork as knowledge", "Overconfidence", "Loss of undocumented knowledge" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "claim", "name": "Claim", "description": "What is known.", "rationale": "Knowledge claims need content and scope.", "layers": [ { "id": "content", "name": "Content", "description": "The claim.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-finding", "name": "Content", "description": "What is claimed to be known.", "questions": [ { "text": "What exactly is claimed to be known?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "In what scope does it hold?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind", "name": "Kind", "description": "That, how, acquaintance.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-finding", "name": "Kind", "description": "Kind of knowledge.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this knowing that, knowing how, or familiarity?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Can it be written down?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "justification", "name": "Justification", "description": "Why it is believed.", "rationale": "Justification separates knowledge from belief.", "layers": [ { "id": "evidence", "name": "Evidence", "description": "Sources and reasons.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-finding", "name": "Evidence", "description": "Evidence and sources.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence supports it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How strong is it?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "uncertainty", "name": "Uncertainty", "description": "Confidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "uncertainty-finding", "name": "Uncertainty", "description": "How certain it is.", "questions": [ { "text": "How certain is it, and what could overturn it?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How should the uncertainty be stated?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sharing", "name": "Sharing", "description": "Transfer and records.", "rationale": "Knowledge must be recorded and shared to last.", "layers": [ { "id": "record", "name": "Record", "description": "Documentation.", "findings": [ { "id": "record-finding", "name": "Record", "description": "Where it is recorded.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is this knowledge recorded?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it up to date?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "access", "name": "Access", "description": "Who can use it.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-finding", "name": "Access", "description": "Access conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who can access it, and under what terms?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Is any of it confidential or protected?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ownership", "name": "Ownership", "description": "Rights and respect.", "rationale": "Some knowledge is owned or culturally protected.", "layers": [ { "id": "ip", "name": "Intellectual property", "description": "Patents and secrets.", "findings": [ { "id": "ip-finding", "name": "IP", "description": "IP status.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this knowledge protected by patent or trade secret?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Who owns it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "traditional", "name": "Traditional knowledge", "description": "Community rights.", "findings": [ { "id": "traditional-finding", "name": "Traditional knowledge", "description": "Community rights.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is it traditional knowledge of a community?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Has consent been given for its use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should kinds of knowledge be separate entries?", "How should agents mark the justification behind claims?", "How should traditional knowledge be respected?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a knowledge, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent distinguish knowledge from belief, opinion and information, state the justification behind claims, and represent uncertainty honestly.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: discursive knowledge, inexperience, existing knowledge, maternal knowledge, democratic competence, a priori, Visual Studio .NET, political literacy, experiential knowledge, research knowledge, ecological knowledge, GeoKnowledge.", "67 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 198 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a knowledge, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "discursive knowledge", "inexperience", "existing knowledge", "maternal knowledge", "democratic competence", "a priori", "Visual Studio .NET", "political literacy", "experiential knowledge", "research knowledge", "ecological knowledge", "GeoKnowledge" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 198 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 67 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one knowledge from another, and a knowledge from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a knowledge sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a knowledge from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a knowledge passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a knowledge between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a knowledge, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a knowledge is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a knowledge says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a knowledge contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a knowledge and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What knowledge studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does knowledge take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does knowledge establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where knowledge is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark knowledge as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place knowledge, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a knowledge came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a knowledge and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a knowledge is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a knowledge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a knowledge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a knowledge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }