{ "model": { "rank": 1166, "code": "thing-q944", "model_id": "vr.tr.quantum-mechanics", "name": "quantum mechanics", "purpose": "Let an agent explain quantum mechanics at levels from popular to technical, distinguish established results from interpretations and speculation, support learning and problem solving, and describe applications and history.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q944/", "tier": 2, "score": 175, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "quantum thermodynamics", "quantum fluctuation", "quantum Cheshire cat", "Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics", "quantum game theory", "Coincidence counting", "supersymmetric quantum mechanics", "quantization of the electromagnetic field", "quantum dynamics", "photoelectric effect", "quantum statistical mechanics", "path integral", "hidden-variable theory", "primordial fluctuations", "red border of the photoelectric effect", "Feynman integral", "local hidden variable theory", "pilot wave theory" ], "aliasCount": 18, "merged": 18, "knownIn": 175, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q944", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T22:51:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q944", "registryId": "vr.tr.quantum-mechanics", "name": "quantum mechanics", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q944/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.quantum-mechanics", "name": "quantum mechanics", "purpose": "Let an agent explain quantum mechanics at levels from popular to technical, distinguish established results from interpretations and speculation, support learning and problem solving, and describe applications and history.", "definition": "The fundamental physical theory describing matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales, in which quantities are quantised, systems are described by wave functions, measurement outcomes are probabilistic and phenomena such as superposition, entanglement and quantum fluctuations occur; quantum mechanics underpins chemistry, materials and technologies from lasers to quantum computing and has interpretations that remain debated.", "what_it_is_for": "The physics of the very small.", "affordances": [ "explain core concepts", "distinguish established physics from interpretation", "support learning and problem solving", "describe applications and history" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Quantisation", "Superposition and entanglement", "Probabilistic measurement", "Experimentally confirmed" ], "appearance": "Not physical; a theory with mathematics and experiments.", "visual_identification": [ "Quantised, probabilistic physics", "Wave functions and operators", "Classical mechanics applies at large scales" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "non-relativistic quantum mechanics", "quantum field theory", "quantum thermodynamics and statistical mechanics", "quantum information and computing", "interpretations and foundations" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "quantum physics", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "mechanics", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "scientific theory", "why": "a fundamental theory" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "chemical element", "why": "atomic structure" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Physics education standards", "No regulation of the theory" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Pseudoscientific misuse such as quantum healing claims", "Confusing interpretations with results", "Oversimplified popular explanations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "concepts", "name": "Concepts", "description": "Core ideas.", "rationale": "Explanation.", "layers": [ { "id": "basics", "name": "Basics", "description": "Key concepts.", "findings": [ { "id": "basics-finding", "name": "Basics", "description": "Concepts.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are quantisation, wave functions, superposition, entanglement and the uncertainty principle, explained at the user level?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What are quantum fluctuations?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "measure", "name": "Measure", "description": "Measurement.", "findings": [ { "id": "measure-finding", "name": "Measure", "description": "Measurement.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does measurement mean in quantum mechanics, and why are outcomes probabilistic?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is coincidence counting in experiments?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "solve", "name": "Solve", "description": "Working with the theory.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "problems", "name": "Problems", "description": "Solving problems.", "findings": [ { "id": "problems-finding", "name": "Problems", "description": "Problems.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is this quantum mechanics problem, such as a particle in a box or spin system, set up and solved?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which mathematical tools are needed?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "advanced", "name": "Advanced", "description": "Advanced topics.", "findings": [ { "id": "advanced-finding", "name": "Advanced", "description": "Advanced.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are quantum field theory, quantum thermodynamics, non-Hermitian quantum mechanics and quantum game theory, in outline?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a specific topic?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interpret", "name": "Interpret", "description": "Foundations and misuse.", "rationale": "Boundaries.", "layers": [ { "id": "interpretations", "name": "Interpretations", "description": "Interpretations.", "findings": [ { "id": "interpretations-finding", "name": "Interpretations", "description": "Interpretations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the main interpretations of quantum mechanics, and which questions remain open, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What are thought experiments such as the quantum Cheshire cat?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "misuse", "name": "Misuse", "description": "Pseudoscientific misuse.", "findings": [ { "id": "misuse-finding", "name": "Misuse", "description": "Misuse.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this claim, such as quantum healing, misuse quantum mechanics, according to physicists?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How can such claims be assessed?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Applications and history.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Technologies.", "findings": [ { "id": "technology-finding", "name": "Technology", "description": "Technology.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which technologies depend on quantum mechanics, from semiconductors and lasers to quantum computing and sensing?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What is the state of quantum computing, according to reliable sources?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did quantum mechanics develop from Planck and Einstein through Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrodinger and Dirac?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions arise in teaching?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should quantum computing be a separate entry?", "How should textbooks be linked?", "How should misuse be flagged?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a quantum mechanics, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain quantum mechanics at levels from popular to technical, distinguish established results from interpretations and speculation, support learning and problem solving, and describe applications and history.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: quantum thermodynamics, quantum fluctuation, quantum Cheshire cat, Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics, quantum game theory, Coincidence counting, supersymmetric quantum mechanics, quantization of the electromagnetic field, quantum dynamics, photoelectric effect, quantum statistical mechanics, path integral.", "18 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 175 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a quantum mechanics, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "quantum thermodynamics", "quantum fluctuation", "quantum Cheshire cat", "Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics", "quantum game theory", "Coincidence counting", "supersymmetric quantum mechanics", "quantization of the electromagnetic field", "quantum dynamics", "photoelectric effect", "quantum statistical mechanics", "path integral" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 175 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 18 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one quantum mechanics from another, and a quantum mechanics from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a quantum mechanics sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a quantum mechanics from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a quantum mechanics passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a quantum mechanics between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a quantum mechanics, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a quantum mechanics is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a quantum mechanics says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a quantum mechanics contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a quantum mechanics and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What quantum mechanics studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does quantum mechanics take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does quantum mechanics establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where quantum mechanics is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark quantum mechanics as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place quantum mechanics, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a quantum mechanics came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a quantum mechanics and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a quantum mechanics is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a quantum mechanics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a quantum mechanics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a quantum mechanics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }