{ "model": { "rank": 15448, "code": "thing-q952064", "model_id": "vr.tr.roman-currency", "name": "Roman currency", "purpose": "Let an agent explain Roman currency by period and denomination, help identify and value ancient coins with cautions, and support collectors, students and museums.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q952064/", "tier": 2, "score": 34, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "quadrans", "quinarius", "ancient drachma", "litra", "Quincunx", "Semuncia", "didrachm", "hexadrachm", "octadrachm", "pentadrachm", "tridrachm", "decadrachm", "hexas", "uncia", "dupondius", "decussis", "dodrans", "triens", "semis", "20-As", "40-As", "60-As", "denarius serratus", "double-litra", "double victoriatus", "half victoriatus", "half-litra", "1 1/2 scripula", "1 1/2 solidus", "12 as", "2 solidus", "24 as", "3 solidus", "30 solidus", "4 1/2 solidus", "4 aureus", "4 denarius", "4 solidus", "5 aureus", "5 denarius" ], "aliasCount": 66, "merged": 66, "knownIn": 34, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q952064", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952064", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T15:26:26Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q952064", "registryId": "vr.tr.roman-currency", "name": "Roman currency", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q952064/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.roman-currency", "name": "Roman currency", "purpose": "Let an agent explain Roman currency by period and denomination, help identify and value ancient coins with cautions, and support collectors, students and museums.", "definition": "The coinage and monetary system of ancient Rome from the Republic to the late Empire, including bronze units such as the as, semuncia and quadrans, silver denarius and quinarius, gold aureus and solidus, and later the sestertius and antoninianus; related ancient systems include the Greek drachma and the Sicilian litra.", "what_it_is_for": "Understanding the Roman economy and identifying ancient coins.", "affordances": [ "explain denominations and their relations", "identify a Roman coin from its features", "explain purchasing power and inflation", "follow collecting and export laws" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Ancient Roman coinage", "Multiple metals and denominations", "Changed over centuries", "Collected and studied" ], "appearance": "Struck coins in bronze, silver and gold bearing portraits, deities and inscriptions.", "visual_identification": [ "Portraits and Latin legends", "Denomination by metal and size", "Greek coins carry Greek legends and city types" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Republican coinage", "Imperial coinage", "provincial coinage", "late Roman coinage", "related Greek and Italic units" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "obsolete currency", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "was used in", "target": "Roman Empire", "why": "polity" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "emperor", "why": "issuing authority" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "numismatics", "why": "field" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "RIC", "value_or_pattern": "Roman Imperial Coinage reference numbers", "note": "catalogue" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Cultural property and export laws", "Treasure and portable antiquities rules", "Museum acquisition ethics" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Forgeries", "Illicit trade in antiquities", "Overconfident valuations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "system", "name": "System", "description": "Denominations.", "rationale": "Values related.", "layers": [ { "id": "denominations", "name": "Denominations", "description": "Units.", "findings": [ { "id": "denominations-finding", "name": "Denominations", "description": "Denominations.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did the as, sestertius, denarius and aureus relate in value in this period?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "When were denominations introduced or dropped?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "economy", "name": "Economy", "description": "Purchasing power.", "findings": [ { "id": "economy-finding", "name": "Economy", "description": "Purchasing power.", "questions": [ { "text": "What could a denarius buy, according to historical evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How did debasement and inflation develop?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Coin identification.", "rationale": "Features identify coins.", "layers": [ { "id": "features", "name": "Features", "description": "Reading a coin.", "findings": [ { "id": "features-finding", "name": "Features", "description": "Reading a coin.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who is portrayed, and what do the legends and reverse type show?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which mint and date does it indicate?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "authenticity", "name": "Authenticity", "description": "Forgeries.", "findings": [ { "id": "authenticity-finding", "name": "Authenticity", "description": "Authenticity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Could this coin be a forgery or a modern copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Who can authenticate it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "collect", "name": "Collect", "description": "Collecting lawfully.", "rationale": "Law matters.", "layers": [ { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "law-finding", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal rules.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which laws govern finding, buying and exporting ancient coins here?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Must finds be reported?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "value", "name": "Value", "description": "Valuation.", "findings": [ { "id": "value-finding", "name": "Value", "description": "Valuation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What factors affect the value of this coin?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the user asking for a formal appraisal?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "study", "name": "Study", "description": "Learning.", "rationale": "Coins teach history.", "layers": [ { "id": "catalogues", "name": "Catalogues", "description": "References.", "findings": [ { "id": "catalogues-finding", "name": "Catalogues", "description": "Catalogues.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which catalogues and databases describe Roman coins?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How are RIC numbers used?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "related", "name": "Related", "description": "Other ancient coinage.", "findings": [ { "id": "related-finding", "name": "Related", "description": "Other ancient coinage.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Greek, Italic and provincial coinage relate to Roman currency?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a Greek coin?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each denomination be a separate entry?", "How should coin catalogues be linked?", "How should export rules be localised?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Roman currency, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain Roman currency by period and denomination, help identify and value ancient coins with cautions, and support collectors, students and museums.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: quadrans, quinarius, ancient drachma, litra, Quincunx, Semuncia, didrachm, hexadrachm, octadrachm, pentadrachm, tridrachm, decadrachm.", "66 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 34 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Roman currency, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "quadrans", "quinarius", "ancient drachma", "litra", "Quincunx", "Semuncia", "didrachm", "hexadrachm", "octadrachm", "pentadrachm", "tridrachm", "decadrachm" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 34 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 66 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Roman currency from another, and a Roman currency from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Roman currency sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Roman currency from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Roman currency passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Roman currency between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Roman currency, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Roman currency is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What Roman currency is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of Roman currency are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is Roman currency operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of Roman currency and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of Roman currency?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as Roman currency?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Roman currency came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Roman currency and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Roman currency is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Roman currency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Roman currency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Roman currency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }