{ "model": { "rank": 995, "code": "thing-q9779", "model_id": "vr.tr.alphabet", "name": "alphabet", "purpose": "Let an agent explain alphabets and their kinds, describe specific alphabets and their histories, support learning and transliteration, and separate extended senses.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q9779/", "tier": 2, "score": 204, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "expanded genetic alphabet", "Morse alphabet", "Georgian scripts", "Latin-script alphabet", "Arabic-script alphabet", "phonetic alphabet", "constructed alphabet", "tactile alphabet", "Pahlavi scripts", "Scandinavian alphabet", "Khanty alphabets", "Khutsuri", "Yupik alphabet", "magical alphabet", "Turkmen Arabic alphabet", "leet", "Neo-Tifinagh alphabet", "Hexspeak", "consonantal alphabet", "manual alphabet", "Viking alphabet", "Lojban alphabet", "extended Latin alphabet", "Alphabets of Asia Minor", "unicase alphabet", "Latin alphabet", "Lezgin alphabets", "Turkmen alphabet", "national alphabet", "bicameral script", "logic alphabet", "Cyrillic-script alphabet", "Kazakh alphabet", "Uyghur alphabets", "Braille alphabet", "Klein type", "Canadian currency tactile feature", "Khanty Cyrillic alphabet", "one-handed manual alphabet", "ꟼ" ], "aliasCount": 49, "merged": 49, "knownIn": 204, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q9779", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9779", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T21:32:35Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q9779", "registryId": "vr.tr.alphabet", "name": "alphabet", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q9779/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.alphabet", "name": "alphabet", "purpose": "Let an agent explain alphabets and their kinds, describe specific alphabets and their histories, support learning and transliteration, and separate extended senses.", "definition": "A standardised set of letters representing the sounds of a language, ordered conventionally, such as the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Georgian and Arabic scripts and their language-specific alphabets, together with derived systems such as phonetic alphabets, spelling alphabets, Morse code and, by extension, symbol sets such as the genetic alphabet; alphabets are segmental writing systems distinct from syllabaries and logographic scripts.", "what_it_is_for": "Writing languages with letters.", "affordances": [ "explain alphabet types", "describe a specific alphabet", "support learning and transliteration", "separate extended senses" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Segmental", "Ordered", "Language-adapted", "Historically related" ], "appearance": "Ordered sets of letters.", "visual_identification": [ "Letters for sounds", "Conventional order", "Syllabaries represent syllables; abjads omit most vowels" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Latin-script alphabets", "Cyrillic and Greek alphabets", "Georgian and Armenian scripts", "Arabic-script alphabets as abjads", "phonetic, spelling and code alphabets" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "writing system", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "segmental writing system", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "letter", "why": "the units" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "Swedish", "why": "a language with its own alphabet" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Unicode and character encoding standards", "Transliteration standards", "Spelling alphabet standards such as the NATO alphabet" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing script and alphabet", "Encoding problems", "Inconsistent transliteration" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Which alphabet.", "rationale": "Scripts.", "layers": [ { "id": "which", "name": "Which", "description": "Identifying a script.", "findings": [ { "id": "which-finding", "name": "Which", "description": "Identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which alphabet or script is this text written in, and which language does it likely represent?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How do alphabets, abjads, abugidas and syllabaries differ?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "specific", "name": "Specific", "description": "A specific alphabet.", "findings": [ { "id": "specific-finding", "name": "Specific", "description": "Specific alphabet.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the letters, order and history of this alphabet, according to linguistic sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Learning and writing.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "learn", "name": "Learn", "description": "Learning an alphabet.", "findings": [ { "id": "learn-finding", "name": "Learn", "description": "Learning.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can this alphabet be learned, including letter forms, sounds and handwriting?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which resources exist?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "transliterate", "name": "Transliterate", "description": "Transliteration.", "findings": [ { "id": "transliterate-finding", "name": "Transliterate", "description": "Transliteration.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is this name or text transliterated between alphabets, and which standard applies?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "How is it encoded in Unicode?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "Origins.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "origins", "name": "Origins", "description": "History of alphabets.", "findings": [ { "id": "origins-finding", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did alphabets develop from early Semitic scripts, and how are they related?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which alphabets were invented deliberately?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reform", "name": "Reform", "description": "Reforms and politics.", "findings": [ { "id": "reform-finding", "name": "Reform", "description": "Reforms.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have alphabet reforms and script changes been decided, and what positions surround them, attributed to whom?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "senses", "name": "Senses", "description": "Extended senses.", "rationale": "Disambiguation.", "layers": [ { "id": "codes", "name": "Codes", "description": "Phonetic and code alphabets.", "findings": [ { "id": "codes-finding", "name": "Codes", "description": "Code alphabets.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is a phonetic alphabet, spelling alphabet, Morse code or the genetic alphabet meant?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which entry fits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teach", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teach-finding", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can writing systems be taught comparatively?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each alphabet be a separate entry?", "How should Unicode charts be linked?", "How should extended senses be split?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a alphabet, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain alphabets and their kinds, describe specific alphabets and their histories, support learning and transliteration, and separate extended senses.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: expanded genetic alphabet, Morse alphabet, Georgian scripts, Latin-script alphabet, Arabic-script alphabet, phonetic alphabet, constructed alphabet, tactile alphabet, Pahlavi scripts, Scandinavian alphabet, Khanty alphabets, Khutsuri.", "49 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 204 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a alphabet, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "expanded genetic alphabet", "Morse alphabet", "Georgian scripts", "Latin-script alphabet", "Arabic-script alphabet", "phonetic alphabet", "constructed alphabet", "tactile alphabet", "Pahlavi scripts", "Scandinavian alphabet", "Khanty alphabets", "Khutsuri" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 204 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 49 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one alphabet from another, and a alphabet from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a alphabet sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a alphabet from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a alphabet passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a alphabet between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a alphabet, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a alphabet is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a alphabet says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a alphabet contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a alphabet and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of alphabet a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For alphabet, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of alphabet exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made alphabet and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to alphabet, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in alphabet, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a alphabet came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a alphabet and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a alphabet is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a alphabet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a alphabet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a alphabet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }