{ "model": { "rank": 17864, "code": "thing-q980357", "model_id": "vr.tr.grammatical-category", "name": "grammatical category", "purpose": "Let an agent handle grammatical categories by language and value, linking to specific categories and supporting learners and language technology.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q980357/", "tier": 2, "score": 30, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "countability", "Sinitic lexical category", "verb phase", "definiteness", "evidentiality", "multiple genders", "grammatical marking", "associated motion", "noun class", "co-verbial lexical aspect", "markedness", "telicity", "tense–aspect–mood", "syntactic movement", "clusivity", "Finnish adverbial case", "affirmation and negation", "cryptotype", "Semitic morphological pattern", "volition", "perfect definitive", "sensory evidential mood", "Swahili noun class", "Punjabi noun class", "semantic gender", "composite tense", "simple tense", "Spanish verb", "affirmative", "compound past perfect", "past infinitive", "past gerund", "Future perfect in Catalan", "present gerund" ], "aliasCount": 34, "merged": 34, "knownIn": 30, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q980357", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980357", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T11:45:32Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q980357", "registryId": "vr.tr.grammatical-category", "name": "grammatical category", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q980357/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.grammatical-category", "name": "grammatical category", "purpose": "Let an agent handle grammatical categories by language and value, linking to specific categories and supporting learners and language technology.", "definition": "A property of words or phrases that is expressed grammatically, such as number, gender, case, person, tense, aspect, mood, voice, definiteness, countability and evidentiality, with systems varying widely across languages.", "what_it_is_for": "Describing how languages encode meaning in form.", "affordances": [ "identify grammatical categories in a language", "compare category systems across languages", "explain values such as dual number or evidentiality", "annotate features in corpora" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Grammatically expressed properties", "Language-specific systems", "Obligatory in some languages", "Annotated in linguistics" ], "appearance": "Not physical; marked by inflections, particles and word order.", "visual_identification": [ "Categories such as tense or case", "Feature annotations in treebanks", "Parts of speech are word classes, a related notion" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "nominal categories such as number, gender and case", "verbal categories such as tense, aspect and mood", "person and voice", "definiteness", "evidentiality" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "feature and property", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "transitivity, aspect and mood", "why": "examples" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "linguistics", "why": "field" }, { "relation": "is annotated by", "target": "Universal Dependencies features", "why": "standard" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Universal Dependencies feature inventory", "UniMorph schema" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Assuming categories are universal", "Confusing category and word class" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "category", "name": "Category", "description": "Which category.", "rationale": "Categories differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Category.", "findings": [ { "id": "identify-finding", "name": "Identify", "description": "Category identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which grammatical category is being expressed?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What values does it have in this language?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "marking", "name": "Marking", "description": "How expressed.", "findings": [ { "id": "marking-finding", "name": "Marking", "description": "Marking.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is it marked by inflection, particles or word order?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is marking obligatory?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "comparison", "name": "Comparison", "description": "Across languages.", "rationale": "Systems vary.", "layers": [ { "id": "typology", "name": "Typology", "description": "Cross-linguistic.", "findings": [ { "id": "typology-finding", "name": "Typology", "description": "Typology.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do languages differ in this category, according to typological sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which languages have unusual values?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "learners", "name": "Learners", "description": "Difficulties.", "findings": [ { "id": "learners-finding", "name": "Learners", "description": "Learner difficulties.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why might learners find this category hard?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which exercises help?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Annotation.", "rationale": "Software tags features.", "layers": [ { "id": "features", "name": "Features", "description": "Annotation.", "findings": [ { "id": "features-finding", "name": "Features", "description": "Feature annotation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is this category annotated in Universal Dependencies?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which values are defined?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "tools", "name": "Tools", "description": "Morphological analysers.", "findings": [ { "id": "tools-finding", "name": "Tools", "description": "Tools.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which tools analyse this category automatically?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How accurate are they?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Concepts.", "rationale": "Distinctions matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "versus", "name": "Versus word class", "description": "Distinction.", "findings": [ { "id": "versus-finding", "name": "Versus word class", "description": "Category versus word class.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does a grammatical category differ from a part of speech?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which applies here?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "meaning", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Semantics.", "findings": [ { "id": "meaning-finding", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Semantic link.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does the grammatical category relate to meaning?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the relation always direct?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each category be a separate entry?", "How should feature inventories be linked?", "How should language-specific values be recorded?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a grammatical category, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle grammatical categories by language and value, linking to specific categories and supporting learners and language technology.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: countability, Sinitic lexical category, verb phase, definiteness, evidentiality, multiple genders, grammatical marking, associated motion, noun class, co-verbial lexical aspect, markedness, telicity.", "34 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 30 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a grammatical category, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "countability", "Sinitic lexical category", "verb phase", "definiteness", "evidentiality", "multiple genders", "grammatical marking", "associated motion", "noun class", "co-verbial lexical aspect", "markedness", "telicity" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 30 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 34 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one grammatical category from another, and a grammatical category from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a grammatical category sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a grammatical category from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a grammatical category passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a grammatical category between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a grammatical category, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a grammatical category is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What grammatical category is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of grammatical category are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is grammatical category operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of grammatical category and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of grammatical category?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as grammatical category?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a grammatical category came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a grammatical category and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a grammatical category is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a grammatical category, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a grammatical category, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a grammatical category is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }