{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-10-21T19:39:52Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "researched by Claude against the sources listed below",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 5,
    "engine": "claude",
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-21T19:43:52+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: WordNet gloss",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-FLOW-PROCESS",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.flow-process",
    "name": "flow",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.5",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.PRC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/flow-process/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.flow-process",
    "name": "flow",
    "purpose": "Let an agent describe a flow by medium, rate, regime and measurement method, and point to flow measurement standards.",
    "definition": "Any uninterrupted stream or discharge, especially the continuous movement of a fluid such as water, air or gas, described by its rate, velocity and regime (laminar or turbulent).",
    "what_it_is_for": "Moving matter and energy, in nature and in engineered systems such as pipes, rivers and ventilation.",
    "affordances": [
      "describe a flow by its rate and regime",
      "convert flow-rate units",
      "estimate the regime from the Reynolds number",
      "name measurement methods and standards"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "A continuous movement, not a single displacement.",
      "Laminar flow is orderly; turbulent flow is chaotic.",
      "Flow rate is volume or mass per unit time; velocity is distance per unit time."
    ],
    "appearance": "Visible in moving water, smoke or streams; often invisible for gases.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Smooth layered motion in laminar flow",
      "Eddies and mixing in turbulent flow"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "Reynolds number for pipe flow transition",
        "typical_range": "about 2300-4000",
        "unit": "",
        "note": "Re = rho v D / mu with mean velocity and inner diameter; laminar below about 2300, turbulent above about 4000; depends on inlet conditions; not universal for other geometries"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "laminar flow",
      "turbulent flow",
      "steady and unsteady flow",
      "open-channel flow",
      "pipe flow",
      "airflow and slipstream",
      "inflow and outflow across a boundary",
      "filling and backwash"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is studied by",
        "target": "fluid dynamics",
        "why": "science of flow"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is measured by",
        "target": "flow meter",
        "why": "instrument"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is described by",
        "target": "Reynolds number",
        "why": "regime indicator"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "current",
        "why": "a specific moving body of water or air"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "unit",
        "value_or_pattern": "m3/s, L/min, kg/s",
        "note": "volumetric and mass flow rate"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "ISO 5167 flow measurement by differential pressure devices in full circular conduits (ISO)",
      "ISO 4064 meters for cold potable water and hot water (ISO)"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Floods and strong currents",
      "Erosion",
      "High-pressure jets and pipe failures"
    ],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "describe and calculate flows",
        "point to standards"
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "give engineering sign-off for hydraulic systems",
        "advise entering fast-flowing water"
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "design approval of pressure and flood-protection systems"
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "water safety"
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "people near water",
        "engineers"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "nobody; a physical phenomenon",
      "master_systems": [
        "hydrological monitoring networks"
      ]
    },
    "facets_not_applicable": {},
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "SRC-001",
      "title": "14.7 Viscosity and Turbulence",
      "publisher": "OpenStax, Rice University",
      "url": "https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/14-7-viscosity-and-turbulence",
      "what_it_supports": "laminar and turbulent flow",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-002",
      "title": "How Streamflow is Measured",
      "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/how-streamflow-measured",
      "what_it_supports": "flow measurement",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-003",
      "title": "ISO 5167-1:2022",
      "publisher": "International Organization for Standardization",
      "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/79179.html",
      "what_it_supports": "flow measurement by pressure differential devices",
      "url_status": "blocked"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-004",
      "title": "ISO 4064-1:2024",
      "publisher": "International Organization for Standardization",
      "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/80868.html",
      "what_it_supports": "water meters",
      "url_status": "blocked"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "description",
        "name": "Description",
        "description": "What flows and how.",
        "rationale": "Medium and regime define the flow.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "medium",
            "name": "Medium",
            "description": "Liquid, gas, granular.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "medium",
                "name": "Medium",
                "description": "What is flowing.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What medium is flowing?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "At what temperature and pressure?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "regime",
            "name": "Regime",
            "description": "Laminar or turbulent.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "regime",
                "name": "Regime",
                "description": "Reynolds number and behaviour.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the flow laminar or turbulent?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What is the Reynolds number?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "quantities",
        "name": "Quantities",
        "description": "Measuring the flow.",
        "rationale": "Numbers need units and conditions.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "rate-and-velocity",
            "name": "Rate and velocity",
            "description": "Volumetric and mass rates.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "flow-rate",
                "name": "Flow rate",
                "description": "Q = A x mean velocity; mass flow = density x Q for uniform density.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the flow rate?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is it volumetric or mass flow?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "variation",
            "name": "Variation",
            "description": "Steady or changing.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "time-variation",
                "name": "Time variation",
                "description": "Changes over time.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the flow steady?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How does it vary over time?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "measurement",
        "name": "Measurement",
        "description": "How it is measured.",
        "rationale": "Method decides accuracy.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "instruments",
            "name": "Instruments",
            "description": "Flow meters and gauges.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "instrument",
                "name": "Instrument",
                "description": "Meter type and standard.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which instrument measured it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which standard applies?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "uncertainty",
            "name": "Uncertainty",
            "description": "Accuracy.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "uncertainty",
                "name": "Uncertainty",
                "description": "Measurement uncertainty.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the uncertainty?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "When was the meter calibrated?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "Where the flow occurs.",
        "rationale": "Setting determines risks.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "natural-flows",
            "name": "Natural flows",
            "description": "Rivers, air, ocean.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "natural-flow",
                "name": "Natural flow",
                "description": "Setting and data source.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which river or air mass is involved?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which monitoring network reports it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "engineered-flows",
            "name": "Engineered flows",
            "description": "Pipes and ducts.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "system",
                "name": "System",
                "description": "Pipe or duct system.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which system carries the flow?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What are its design limits?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "The registry merges many specific flow terms; which deserve separate entries?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}