{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T20:06:18Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T06:59:09+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:53+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q1111",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.electric-charge",
    "name": "electric charge",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QLT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1111/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.electric-charge",
    "name": "electric charge",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain electric charge as a physical quantity, relay its units, constants and laws from SI and reference sources, distinguish it from current, voltage and related quantities, and support calculation and teaching.",
    "definition": "The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field, existing in positive and negative kinds, conserved, quantised in units of the elementary charge carried by electrons and protons, and measured in coulombs; charge is the source of electric fields and, when moving, of electric current and magnetic fields.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Not for anything; a fundamental property of matter.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain the property and its conservation and quantisation",
      "relay units and the elementary charge value",
      "apply Coulomb law and related relations",
      "distinguish charge from current, potential and capacitance"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Two kinds, positive and negative",
      "Conserved in all known processes",
      "Quantised in units of e, with fractional charges of quarks confined",
      "Source of electromagnetic interaction"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible; observed through forces, sparks, attraction and instruments.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Quantity measured in coulombs",
      "Positive and negative kinds that attract or repel",
      "Current is charge per time; voltage is energy per charge"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "elementary charge",
        "typical_range": "1.602176634 times 10 to the minus 19",
        "unit": "C",
        "note": "exact by SI definition"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "electron charge",
        "typical_range": "minus one elementary charge",
        "unit": "e",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "unit",
        "typical_range": "coulomb",
        "unit": "C",
        "note": "ampere second"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "positive and negative charge",
      "free and bound charge",
      "point, surface and volume charge distributions",
      "charge in chemistry: ionic, formal and partial charge",
      "charge on particles: electron, proton, quarks"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "physical quantity",
        "why": "a scalar quantity"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is measured in",
        "target": "coulomb",
        "why": "the SI unit"
      },
      {
        "relation": "produces",
        "target": "electric field",
        "why": "through Coulomb law"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "electric current",
        "why": "the rate of flow of charge"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "SI unit symbol",
        "value_or_pattern": "C",
        "note": "coulomb"
      },
      {
        "scheme": "quantity symbol",
        "value_or_pattern": "Q or q",
        "note": "ISO 80000-6"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "SI Brochure from BIPM",
      "ISO 80000-6 electromagnetic quantities",
      "CODATA recommended values"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Confusing charge with current or voltage",
      "Electrostatic discharge damaging electronics",
      "Sign errors in calculations",
      "Mixing chemical and physical senses of charge"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain electric charge, its conservation and quantisation, and the forces it causes.",
        "Measure and report charge in experiments and devices it is authorized to operate."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Encourage contact with charged equipment or circuits without safety measures.",
        "Confuse charge with current, voltage or energy in explanations.",
        "Use the language of charge to lend false scientific weight to health products."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Working on high-voltage equipment or discharging stored charge."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Stored charge can injure or kill people working on equipment.",
        "Scientific terms are misused to sell pseudoscience."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Students",
        "Electrical workers",
        "Consumers"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the property; it belongs to physics.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q1111: electric charge",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Electric charge",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "name": "Concept",
        "description": "What charge is.",
        "rationale": "Definition.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition and properties.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is electric charge, and what do conservation and quantisation mean?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about charge, current, voltage or a chemical sense of charge?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "units",
            "name": "Units",
            "description": "Units and constants.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "units-finding",
                "name": "Units",
                "description": "Units.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are the unit and the elementary charge, and how are they defined in the SI?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which reference gives the constants?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "laws",
        "name": "Laws",
        "description": "Laws and fields.",
        "rationale": "Physics.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "coulomb",
            "name": "Coulomb",
            "description": "Coulomb law.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "coulomb-finding",
                "name": "Coulomb",
                "description": "Coulomb.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does Coulomb law describe the force between charges, and how is the field defined?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the electric field?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "dynamics",
            "name": "Dynamics",
            "description": "Moving charge.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "dynamics-finding",
                "name": "Dynamics",
                "description": "Dynamics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does moving charge produce current and magnetic fields?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits electromagnetism?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "measure",
        "name": "Measure",
        "description": "Measuring charge.",
        "rationale": "Measurement.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "methods",
            "name": "Methods",
            "description": "Methods.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "methods-finding",
                "name": "Methods",
                "description": "Methods.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is charge measured, from electrometers to integrating current?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What accuracy do methods give?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "static",
            "name": "Static",
            "description": "Electrostatics in practice.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "static-finding",
                "name": "Static",
                "description": "Static.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does static charge build up, and what precautions protect electronics and people?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits electrostatic discharge?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "Particles and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Study.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "particles",
            "name": "Particles",
            "description": "Charge of particles.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "particles-finding",
                "name": "Particles",
                "description": "Particles.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What charges do elementary particles carry, and why are fractional charges not observed freely?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits particle physics?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is charge taught, and which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should chemical charge concepts be separate entries?",
    "How should CODATA values be linked by release?",
    "The registry entry has merged aliases from protein charge to inductive charging; should they be split off?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}