{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-10-21T20:28:28Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "researched by Claude against the sources listed below",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 5,
    "engine": "claude",
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-21T20:32:13+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "7 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q11421",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.magnet",
    "name": "magnet",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.5",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.OBJ"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11421/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.magnet",
    "name": "magnet",
    "purpose": "Let an agent describe magnets by kind, material, strength and use, and point to safety warnings and standards.",
    "definition": "A material or object that produces a magnetic field; permanent magnets keep their magnetisation without external power, while electromagnets produce a field only when current flows.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Motors, generators, sensors, data storage, medical imaging, lifting, holding and many consumer products.",
    "affordances": [
      "identify the kind and material",
      "explain grades and strength",
      "explain safety hazards",
      "explain applications"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Permanent magnets use magnetically hard ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials.",
      "Rare-earth magnets (NdFeB, SmCo) generally have higher maximum energy products than ferrite or alnico; compare grades and geometry, and tell material remanence from the field at a point and holding force.",
      "Heat above the Curie temperature removes permanent magnetisation."
    ],
    "appearance": "Pieces of metal or ceramic of various shapes; electromagnets are current-carrying windings, with or without a magnetic core.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Attracts iron objects",
      "Coils of wire on a core for electromagnets"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "remanence of NdFeB magnets",
        "typical_range": "about 1.0-1.5",
        "unit": "T",
        "note": "sintered grades"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "remanence of ferrite magnets",
        "typical_range": "about 0.2-0.45",
        "unit": "T",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "neodymium (NdFeB) magnets",
      "samarium-cobalt magnets",
      "ferrite (ceramic) magnets",
      "alnico magnets",
      "flexible magnets",
      "electromagnets",
      "electropermanent magnets",
      "superconducting magnets",
      "fishing and lifting magnets"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "produces",
        "target": "magnetic field",
        "why": "physics"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is made of",
        "target": "magnetically hard material",
        "why": "ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is used in",
        "target": "electric motor",
        "why": "application"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "magnetic storage",
        "why": "use of magnetised media"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "magnet grade",
        "value_or_pattern": "for example N42 or Y30",
        "note": "material grade codes"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "IEC 60404-8-1 specifications for magnetically hard materials",
      "EN 71-1 and ASTM F963 toy safety requirements on magnets",
      "US 16 CFR Part 1262, safety standard for small high-powered magnets in consumer products"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Swallowed magnets can cause intestinal perforation, especially in children",
      "Pinching injuries from strong magnets",
      "Interference with pacemakers and implants",
      "Quench of superconducting magnets: heating and sudden release of stored energy",
      "Demagnetisation by heat"
    ],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "describe magnets and safety warnings"
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "downplay the danger of swallowed magnets",
        "advise on medical implants without clinicians"
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "any suspected magnet ingestion, which needs emergency care"
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "child safety",
        "rare earth supply chains"
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "children",
        "workers"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "the owner of the object",
      "master_systems": []
    },
    "facets_not_applicable": {},
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "SRC-001",
      "title": "Q11421",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421",
      "what_it_supports": "identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-002",
      "title": "Magnet",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the subject",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-003",
      "title": "Coercivity and Remanence in Permanent Magnets",
      "publisher": "Georgia State University",
      "url": "https://hyperphysics.gsu.edu/hbase/Solids/magperm.html",
      "what_it_supports": "Material comparisons, remanence, coercivity and maximum energy product.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-004",
      "title": "IEC 60404-8-1:2023",
      "publisher": "IEC",
      "url": "https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/68440",
      "what_it_supports": "Permanent-magnet material specifications and material families.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-005",
      "title": "Safeguarding the superconducting magnets",
      "publisher": "CERN",
      "url": "https://cern-courier.web.cern.ch/a/safeguarding-the-superconducting-magnets/",
      "what_it_supports": "Superconducting magnet operation and quench hazards.",
      "url_status": "unverified"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-006",
      "title": "New Magnets Safety Rule",
      "publisher": "US Consumer Product Safety Commission",
      "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/MagnetsSafetyRule.pdf",
      "what_it_supports": "16 CFR Part 1262 and its limited consumer-product scope.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-007",
      "title": "Magnets in Cell Phones and Smart Watches May Affect Pacemakers and Other Implanted Medical Devices",
      "publisher": "US Food and Drug Administration",
      "url": "https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/magnets-cell-phones-and-smart-watches-may-affect-pacemakers-and-other-implanted-medical-devices",
      "what_it_supports": "Magnetic interference with implanted medical devices.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-008",
      "title": "Electropermanent magnetic connectors and actuators",
      "publisher": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
      "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/entities/publication/d65bb0a6-f490-40ba-b1dd-100bb2bfa0d8",
      "what_it_supports": "Electropermanent magnets and retention of a switched magnetic state.",
      "url_status": "live"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "kind",
        "name": "Kind",
        "description": "What magnet.",
        "rationale": "Kind decides strength and use.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "type",
            "name": "Type",
            "description": "Permanent or electromagnet.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "magnet-type",
                "name": "Magnet type",
                "description": "Type.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is it a permanent magnet or an electromagnet?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What is it used for?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "material",
            "name": "Material",
            "description": "Material and grade.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "material",
                "name": "Material",
                "description": "Material and grade.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which material and grade?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is it coated?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "properties",
        "name": "Properties",
        "description": "Strength and limits.",
        "rationale": "Properties come from data sheets.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "magnetic-properties",
            "name": "Magnetic properties",
            "description": "Remanence, coercivity, energy product.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "magnetic-data",
                "name": "Magnetic data",
                "description": "Values.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are its remanence and coercivity?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "From which data sheet?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "temperature",
            "name": "Temperature",
            "description": "Operating limits.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "temperature-limit",
                "name": "Temperature limit",
                "description": "Value.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the maximum operating temperature?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What is the Curie temperature?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "safety",
        "name": "Safety",
        "description": "Hazards.",
        "rationale": "Strong magnets are dangerous.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "ingestion",
            "name": "Ingestion",
            "description": "Swallowing risk.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "ingestion-risk",
                "name": "Ingestion risk",
                "description": "Warnings.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Does it carry a swallowing warning?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is it allowed in toys?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "implants-and-devices",
            "name": "Implants and devices",
            "description": "Interference.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "interference",
                "name": "Interference",
                "description": "Distance and devices.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What distance from implants is advised, by whom?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which devices are affected?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "use",
        "name": "Use",
        "description": "Applications.",
        "rationale": "Uses span industries.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "applications",
            "name": "Applications",
            "description": "Motors, sensors, holding.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "application",
                "name": "Application",
                "description": "Device and role.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "In which device is it used?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What role does it play?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "end-of-life",
            "name": "End of life",
            "description": "Recycling.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "recycling",
                "name": "Recycling",
                "description": "Route.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Can it be recycled?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How are rare earths recovered?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "The registry merges magnetic storage and magnetic cards; they need registry corrections."
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}