{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T23:38:30Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude", "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T12:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:45:49+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-06T22:31:22+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "definition", "distinguishing_features", "owners", "purpose", "visual_identification" ], "answering_review": "7ba6ec50f39d8017806266341d3705e368bc152d8423195a2ce30d48de0f8f6a" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q11692", "registryId": "vr.tr.share", "name": "share", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11692/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.share", "name": "share", "purpose": "Let an agent explain shares in corporations, mutual funds and other organisations, relay types, rights, trading, corporate actions and regulation from securities regulators and finance education sources in general terms, describe the named terms, point people to regulated advisers and warn about investment scams, and distinguish shares from bonds, derivatives and cryptocurrency tokens while recognising mutual fund ownership units within this sense.", "definition": "A single unit of ownership in a corporation, mutual fund or other organisation, with rights to distributions, voting and residual assets depending on the organisation, the share class and applicable decisions. Corporate examples include common stock or ordinary shares, preferred shares, bonus shares issued free to existing shareholders from reserves, and golden shares held by governments to veto certain decisions in privatised companies; terms the registry aliases name include cum dividend, meaning a buyer receives the next declared dividend, controlling interest, a stake large enough to control a company, and property stocks, shares of real estate companies. Shares may be listed and traded on stock exchanges or unlisted, with transfers or redemptions governed by applicable rules and securities regulation; their value can fall, and nothing here is investment advice.", "what_it_is_for": "Representing ownership in companies.", "affordances": [ "explain types and rights", "relay trading and corporate actions in general terms", "describe named terms", "warn about investment scams" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Shares represent units of ownership in corporations, mutual funds or other organisations.", "Distribution and voting rights depend on the organisation and share class.", "Shares may be exchange-listed or unlisted.", "Shares carry the risk of a fall in value." ], "appearance": "Not a physical object today; recorded electronically, historically as paper certificates.", "visual_identification": [ "A share is a unit of ownership in a corporation, mutual fund or other organisation.", "Related corporate terms include bonus share, common stock, cum dividend, golden share, controlling interest and property stocks.", "Bonds are debt, derivatives derive value from other assets, mutual fund ownership units fall within this sense, and crypto tokens do not necessarily represent ownership." ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Dutch East India Company shares", "typical_range": "1602", "unit": "year", "note": "often cited early tradable shares" }, { "quantity": "US SEC founded", "typical_range": "1934", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "registry parent", "typical_range": "security", "unit": "note", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "ordinary or common shares", "preferred shares", "bonus shares", "golden shares", "dual-class shares" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "security", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is traded on", "target": "stock exchange", "why": "" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "golden share", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "bond", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Securities laws and regulators such as the SEC and FCA", "EU Market Abuse Regulation", "Company law on share capital" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Giving investment advice", "Share and boiler-room scams", "Stale market information" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain what a share is, the kinds of shares and the rights they give.", "Describe how to check whether an investment firm is authorized by the regulator." ], "must_not": [ "Give personalised investment advice or recommend buying or selling shares.", "Execute share trades on someone's behalf.", "Promote shares in a way that resembles a boiler-room or pump-and-dump scheme.", "Present stale prices or market information as current." ], "requires_human": [ "Any transfer of shares or exercise of shareholder votes on someone's behalf." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Share scams target older and inexperienced investors and can wipe out savings.", "Shareholdings carry voting power over companies that affect workers and communities." ], "affected_parties": [ "Investors", "Older people targeted by scams", "Company employees" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The shareholder holds the ownership interest; the issuing organisation or its appointed registrar maintains the relevant ownership records.", "master_systems": [ "Corporate share registers record ownership.", "Mutual fund and other organisation ownership registers record holdings.", "Central securities depositories record holdings for participating securities." ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q11692: share", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11692", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Share (finance)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_%28finance%29", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a share is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a share, and how does it differ from bonds, derivatives, fund units and crypto tokens?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is someone being pressured to buy shares by an unsolicited caller, which may be a scam to report to the financial regulator, or seeking personal advice, which needs a regulated adviser?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "terms", "name": "Terms", "description": "Named terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "terms-finding", "name": "Terms", "description": "Terms.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do bonus share, common stock, cum dividend, golden share, controlling interest and property stocks mean?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific term?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights", "description": "Shareholder rights.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "dividends", "name": "Dividends", "description": "Dividends.", "findings": [ { "id": "dividends-finding", "name": "Dividends", "description": "Dividends.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are dividends declared, and what do ex-dividend and cum dividend mean?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "voting", "name": "Voting", "description": "Voting and control.", "findings": [ { "id": "voting-finding", "name": "Voting", "description": "Voting.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do voting rights, dual-class structures and controlling interests work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "markets", "name": "Markets", "description": "Trading and regulation.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "exchanges", "name": "Exchanges", "description": "Stock exchanges.", "findings": [ { "id": "exchanges-finding", "name": "Exchanges", "description": "Exchanges.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are shares listed and traded, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits stock exchange?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "scams", "name": "Scams", "description": "Investment scams.", "findings": [ { "id": "scams-finding", "name": "Scams", "description": "Scams.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do regulators warn about boiler rooms and pump-and-dump schemes?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits pump and dump?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Policy.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "golden", "name": "Golden shares", "description": "Golden shares.", "findings": [ { "id": "golden-finding", "name": "Golden shares", "description": "Golden shares.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why have governments used golden shares, and how has EU law treated them, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did joint-stock companies develop?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits joint-stock company?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should property stocks be moved to real estate investment entries?", "How should regulator education resources be linked?", "Should golden share be a separate entry?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }