{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T02:23:20Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:55:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:52:10+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "revisions": [
      {
        "at": "2026-10-06T22:31:38+00:00",
        "engine": "codex",
        "fields": [
          "definition"
        ],
        "answering_review": "dedf4aef468e890d892b004523f21397d45c19710e721e88df406a1080eba266"
      }
    ],
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q1196827",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.value-q1196827",
    "name": "value",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QLT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1196827/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.value-q1196827",
    "name": "value",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain values in mathematics and computing, describe types, representations and special values, support debugging and data handling questions, and separate this sense from ethical and economic value.",
    "definition": "In computer science, a value is an expression designated as a completed result that cannot be evaluated further under the evaluation rules of the programming language or formal system; which expressions count as values depends on those rules, and an expression that cannot proceed because of an error is not thereby a value.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Content of expressions and variables.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain values and types",
      "describe representations and special values",
      "support debugging and data handling",
      "separate other senses"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Typed",
      "Representable",
      "Comparable",
      "Special values"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; data in memory or on paper.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Result of an expression or content of a variable",
      "Typed and representable",
      "Ethical, economic and cultural value are other senses"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "numeric values including floating point",
      "strings and booleans",
      "structured and reference values",
      "sentinel and null values",
      "seeds and statistical values"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "expression",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "inequality",
        "why": "comparison of values"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "software bug",
        "why": "wrong values as bugs"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "context",
        "why": "session and state values"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Floating point standards",
      "Programming language specifications",
      "Data format standards"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Type and precision errors",
      "Misused sentinel and null values",
      "Confusing senses of value"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Read, compare and report values in data the agent is authorized to access.",
        "Check that values have the right type, range and precision for their field.",
        "Flag sentinel or null values that may be mistaken for real data."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Treat a sentinel or null value as a real measurement.",
        "Change stored values in shared data without permission or an audit trail.",
        "Silently round, truncate or convert values in ways that change their meaning.",
        "Expose values holding personal or secret data, such as keys or seeds, beyond their purpose."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Correcting values in a production database or financial record."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Wrong values in records can lead to wrong decisions about people, money and safety.",
        "Some values, such as keys and seeds, protect security and must stay secret."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "People described by the data",
        "Users of the system",
        "Data owners"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the concept; the owner of each dataset answers for its values.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q1196827: value",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196827",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Value (computer science)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_%28computer_science%29",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What values are.",
        "rationale": "Computing.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "concept",
            "name": "Concept",
            "description": "Concept and types.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "concept-finding",
                "name": "Concept",
                "description": "Concept.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is a value in mathematics and computing, and how do types, literals and variables relate?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the computing sense or another sense of value meant?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "representation",
            "name": "Representation",
            "description": "Representations.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "representation-finding",
                "name": "Representation",
                "description": "Representation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are values represented in memory and formats, including floating point and subnormal numbers?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits floating point?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "special",
        "name": "Special",
        "description": "Special values.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "sentinels",
            "name": "Sentinels",
            "description": "Sentinels and null.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "sentinels-finding",
                "name": "Sentinels",
                "description": "Sentinels.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are sentinel and null values, and what problems do they cause?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits null handling?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "seeds",
            "name": "Seeds",
            "description": "Seeds and statistics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "seeds-finding",
                "name": "Seeds",
                "description": "Seeds.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do random seeds and statistical values such as the mode function?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits random number generation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "use",
        "name": "Use",
        "description": "Handling values.",
        "rationale": "Engineering.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "compare",
            "name": "Compare",
            "description": "Comparison and equality.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "compare-finding",
                "name": "Compare",
                "description": "Comparison.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are values compared and tested for equality, and what pitfalls arise with floats and references?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific language?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "debug",
            "name": "Debug",
            "description": "Debugging wrong values.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "debug-finding",
                "name": "Debug",
                "description": "Debugging.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Why does this variable hold an unexpected value, and how can it be traced?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits debugging?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "Theory and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "theory",
            "name": "Theory",
            "description": "Semantics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "theory-finding",
                "name": "Theory",
                "description": "Theory.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do programming language semantics define values and evaluation?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can values and types be taught to beginners?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should special values be separate entries?",
    "How should language specifications be linked?",
    "How should the other senses be separated?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}