{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T15:19:38Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 1,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T17:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T13:31:45+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q129686",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.ultraluminous-x-ray-source",
    "name": "ultraluminous X-ray source",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.1",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.SPC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q129686/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.ultraluminous-x-ray-source",
    "name": "ultraluminous X-ray source",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain ultraluminous X-ray sources by definition, proposed explanations, key discoveries and data, with attributed and current findings.",
    "definition": "An astronomical X-ray source outside a galaxy nucleus whose luminosity exceeds about 10^39 erg per second, brighter than expected for a stellar-mass black hole accreting at the Eddington limit; many are now known to be neutron stars or black holes accreting at super-Eddington rates, and some were proposed as intermediate-mass black holes.",
    "what_it_is_for": "High-energy astrophysics.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain what makes a source ultraluminous",
      "summarise competing explanations with attribution",
      "describe pulsating ULX discoveries",
      "find X-ray catalogues"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Extreme X-ray luminosity",
      "Off-nuclear location",
      "Super-Eddington accretion in many",
      "Some with pulsations"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible optically as such; point sources in X-ray images of nearby galaxies.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Bright off-nuclear X-ray point sources",
      "Luminosity above the Eddington limit for stellar-mass objects",
      "Active galactic nuclei sit at galaxy centres"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "Apparent isotropic X-ray luminosity",
        "unit": "erg/s",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Inferred from measured X-ray flux and distance under an isotropic emission assumption, with classification commonly requiring luminosity above about 10^39 erg/s."
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Distance",
        "unit": "Mpc",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Usually assigned from an independently estimated distance to the host galaxy."
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Projected separation from the galactic nucleus",
        "unit": "pc",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Derived from the angular separation between the source and the host nucleus together with the host distance."
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "neutron star ULXs (pulsating)",
      "black hole ULXs",
      "candidate intermediate-mass black holes",
      "hyperluminous X-ray sources"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "astrophysical X-ray source",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is powered by",
        "target": "accretion",
        "why": "mechanism"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "neutron star",
        "why": "compact object"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "dark matter halo",
        "why": "galactic context"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No specific regulation"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Presenting intermediate-mass black hole claims as settled",
      "Confusing ULXs with active galactic nuclei"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Report ultraluminous X-ray sources and their proposed nature from published research.",
        "Explain competing interpretations, attributing each."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Present an object's nature as settled when it is debated.",
        "Misattribute observations or discoveries."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Announcing a claimed intermediate-mass black hole in public material."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Overstated discoveries erode public trust in astronomy.",
        "Correct attribution gives credit to the research teams."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "The public and students",
        "Researchers"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody: a class of astronomical objects; catalogues record them.",
      "master_systems": [
        "X-ray source catalogues"
      ]
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q129686: ultraluminous X-ray source",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129686",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ultraluminous X-ray source",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraluminous_X-ray_source",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "definition",
        "name": "Definition",
        "description": "What counts.",
        "rationale": "Luminosity defines the class.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "threshold",
            "name": "Threshold",
            "description": "Luminosity limit.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "threshold-finding",
                "name": "Threshold",
                "description": "Luminosity threshold.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What luminosity threshold defines a ULX, and why the Eddington limit matters?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How is luminosity measured from X-ray flux?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "location",
            "name": "Location",
            "description": "Off-nuclear.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "location-finding",
                "name": "Location",
                "description": "Location.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the source outside the galaxy nucleus?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which galaxy hosts it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "models",
        "name": "Models",
        "description": "Explanations.",
        "rationale": "Models compete.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "super",
            "name": "Super-Eddington",
            "description": "Accretion models.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "super-finding",
                "name": "Super-Eddington",
                "description": "Super-Eddington accretion.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can neutron stars and black holes exceed the Eddington limit, according to models?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What evidence supports it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "imbh",
            "name": "IMBH",
            "description": "Intermediate-mass black holes.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "imbh-finding",
                "name": "IMBH",
                "description": "Intermediate-mass black holes.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which ULXs are proposed as intermediate-mass black holes, and how strong is the evidence?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Are the claims disputed?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "discoveries",
        "name": "Discoveries",
        "description": "Key findings.",
        "rationale": "Discoveries changed the field.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "pulsars",
            "name": "Pulsars",
            "description": "Pulsating ULXs.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "pulsars-finding",
                "name": "Pulsars",
                "description": "Pulsating ULXs.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What did the discovery of pulsating ULXs show, according to the discovering teams?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "When was it made?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "examples",
            "name": "Examples",
            "description": "Notable sources.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "examples-finding",
                "name": "Examples",
                "description": "Notable sources.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which ULXs are best studied?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which telescopes observed them?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learning",
        "name": "Learning",
        "description": "Explaining.",
        "rationale": "Clarity matters.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "explain",
            "name": "Explain",
            "description": "Plain language.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "explain-finding",
                "name": "Explain",
                "description": "Plain explanation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can ULXs be explained simply and accurately?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which caveats apply?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "data",
            "name": "Data",
            "description": "Catalogues.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "data-finding",
                "name": "Data",
                "description": "Catalogues.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which X-ray catalogues list ULXs?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How can the data be accessed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should pulsating ULXs be a separate entry?",
    "How should X-ray catalogues be linked?",
    "How should competing models be attributed?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}