{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T05:09:41Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:09:52+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q1303415",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.cohort-q1303415",
    "name": "cohort",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "SOC.ORG"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1303415/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.cohort-q1303415",
    "name": "cohort",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain cohorts as a demographic and research concept, relay cohort studies and analysis from epidemiological and demographic sources, describe generational and educational cohorts, and distinguish cohorts from samples, generations in the loose sense and the Roman military unit.",
    "definition": "A group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically an event experienced in the same period, such as a birth cohort born in the same years, a clinical cohort of patients followed in a study, a school or graduation cohort, or a cultural generation, used in demography, epidemiology and social science to follow outcomes over time; the term also names a Roman military unit and, in statistics and health services, related groupings such as case mix.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a demographic concept.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain the concept",
      "relay cohort studies",
      "describe kinds of cohorts",
      "distinguish related terms"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Shared defining event",
      "Followed over time",
      "Demographic unit",
      "Research design"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not a visible object; a defined group of people.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Group sharing a defining event or period",
      "Birth cohorts, clinical cohorts, school cohorts, cultural generations, case mix groupings",
      "A sample is drawn for measurement; a generation in the loose sense is a family step; the Roman cohort is a military unit"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "Roman cohort",
        "typical_range": "about 480",
        "unit": "soldiers",
        "note": "one tenth of a legion"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "classic cohort study",
        "typical_range": "Framingham Heart Study",
        "unit": "example",
        "note": "since 1948"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "birth cohorts",
      "clinical and research cohorts",
      "educational cohorts such as year groups",
      "cultural generations such as baby boomers",
      "workforce and customer cohorts in analytics",
      "Roman military cohorts as a homonym"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "demographic category",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is studied in",
        "target": "cohort study",
        "why": "in epidemiology"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "generation",
        "why": "as cultural cohorts"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is contrasted with",
        "target": "cohort (military unit)",
        "why": "a homonym"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Research ethics and data protection rules for cohort studies",
      "Statistical standards for cohort analysis"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Confusing cohort with sample or generation",
      "Cohort effects mistaken for age or period effects",
      "Registry aliases such as special needs and a school name that do not fit the concept"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Define and describe cohorts for research or reporting with stated criteria.",
        "Analyze cohort data the agent has been authorized to use."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Re-identify people in cohort study data.",
        "Use cohort data for purposes beyond the participants' consent.",
        "Stereotype people by birth cohort or generation labels.",
        "Confuse this sense with the Roman military cohort."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Linking cohort data with other sources about the same people."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Cohort studies depend on participants' trust and consent.",
        "Generation labels are often used to blame or stereotype groups."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Study participants",
        "Members of generations or classes"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "The research team or institution that holds the cohort data, under ethics approval.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q1303415: cohort",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Cohort (statistics)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_%28statistics%29",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What a cohort is.",
        "rationale": "Definition.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is a cohort, and how does it differ from a sample, a generation and a Roman cohort?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about a demographic cohort, a research cohort or the military unit?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "kinds",
            "name": "Kinds",
            "description": "Kinds.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "kinds-finding",
                "name": "Kinds",
                "description": "Kinds.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are birth, clinical, educational and cultural cohorts, and what is case mix?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific kind?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "research",
        "name": "Research",
        "description": "Cohort studies.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "design",
            "name": "Design",
            "description": "Study design.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "design-finding",
                "name": "Design",
                "description": "Design.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are prospective and retrospective cohort studies designed and analysed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "examples",
            "name": "Examples",
            "description": "Examples.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "examples-finding",
                "name": "Examples",
                "description": "Examples.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are landmark cohort studies such as Framingham and the British birth cohorts?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "analyse",
        "name": "Analyse",
        "description": "Analysis.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "effects",
            "name": "Effects",
            "description": "Age, period and cohort effects.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "effects-finding",
                "name": "Effects",
                "description": "Effects.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are age, period and cohort effects separated in demography?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits age-period-cohort analysis?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "analytics",
            "name": "Analytics",
            "description": "Cohort analytics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "analytics-finding",
                "name": "Analytics",
                "description": "Analytics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is cohort analysis used in business and education analytics?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits cohort analysis?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "Generations and history.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "generations",
            "name": "Generations",
            "description": "Cultural generations.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "generations-finding",
                "name": "Generations",
                "description": "Generations.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are cultural generations defined, and what critiques exist, with positions attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits generation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History of the term.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did the term move from the Roman military to demography?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits cohort (military unit)?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should cohort study and birth cohort be separate primary entries?",
    "How should epidemiological sources be linked?",
    "The registry alias list includes special needs and a specific school, which appear misfiled; should they be reviewed?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}