{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T06:37:34Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 1,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T16:30:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T13:22:18+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:54+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q133235",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.combustion",
    "name": "combustion",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.1",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.PRC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q133235/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.combustion",
    "name": "combustion",
    "purpose": "Let an agent handle combustion scientifically and for safety: fuels, conditions, products, efficiency and fire prevention, without facilitating harm.",
    "definition": "A high-temperature exothermic reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually oxygen, producing heat, light and combustion products such as carbon dioxide, water and smoke.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Combustion powers engines, heating and cooking, and is the chemistry of fire.",
    "affordances": [
      "use it in engines and heating",
      "improve efficiency and reduce emissions",
      "prevent and extinguish fires",
      "study it in chemistry"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Fuel plus oxidant plus heat (fire triangle)",
      "Exothermic redox reaction",
      "Complete and incomplete combustion",
      "Produces pollutants and carbon dioxide"
    ],
    "appearance": "Flames, glow, heat and smoke.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Flame and heat",
      "Smoke and soot",
      "Clean and incomplete combustion differ in colour and smoke"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "adiabatic flame temperature of methane in air",
        "typical_range": "about 1950",
        "unit": "degrees C",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "oxygen needed to sustain most fires",
        "typical_range": "above about 15",
        "unit": "percent by volume",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "complete and incomplete combustion",
      "flaming and smouldering",
      "engine and boiler combustion",
      "explosions as rapid combustion"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "chemical reaction",
        "why": "redox"
      },
      {
        "relation": "produces",
        "target": "smoke and energy",
        "why": "products"
      },
      {
        "relation": "causes",
        "target": "fire and conflagration",
        "why": "events"
      },
      {
        "relation": "emits",
        "target": "carbon dioxide",
        "why": "emissions"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Emission standards for engines and boilers",
      "Fire safety regulations",
      "EU Industrial Emissions Directive"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Fires and burns",
      "Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion",
      "Air pollution",
      "Requests to cause harm with fire, which must be refused"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Monitor combustion in boilers, engines and furnaces it is authorized to operate.",
        "Report smoke, carbon monoxide and fire alarms to people and emergency services."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Start or allow a fire where it is banned or unsafe.",
        "Bypass flame safeguards, ventilation or exhaust systems.",
        "Run combustion indoors where carbon monoxide can build up.",
        "Help start fires to damage property or harm people."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Lighting an open fire or controlled burn.",
        "Restarting equipment after a fire or a gas alarm."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Uncontrolled combustion kills through fire and carbon monoxide.",
        "Burning fuels pollutes air and drives climate change."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Occupants and bystanders",
        "Firefighters",
        "People breathing polluted air"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "The operator of the appliance or plant; fire and environmental authorities regulate it.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q133235: combustion",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Combustion",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "chemistry",
        "name": "Chemistry",
        "description": "What happens.",
        "rationale": "Chemistry explains combustion.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "reaction",
            "name": "Reaction",
            "description": "Fuel and oxidant.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "reaction-finding",
                "name": "Reaction",
                "description": "Combustion reaction.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What fuel and oxidant are involved?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What products form?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "completeness",
            "name": "Completeness",
            "description": "Complete or not.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "completeness-finding",
                "name": "Completeness",
                "description": "Combustion quality.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is combustion complete, or is carbon monoxide produced?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How is that detected?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "use",
        "name": "Use",
        "description": "Energy from combustion.",
        "rationale": "Combustion powers much of the world.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "efficiency",
            "name": "Efficiency",
            "description": "Energy conversion.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "efficiency-finding",
                "name": "Efficiency",
                "description": "Efficiency.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How efficient is the combustion system?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How can it be improved?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "emissions",
            "name": "Emissions",
            "description": "Pollutants.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "emissions-finding",
                "name": "Emissions",
                "description": "Emissions.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What does it emit?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which standards apply?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "safety",
        "name": "Safety",
        "description": "Fire and CO.",
        "rationale": "Combustion causes fires and poisoning.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "fire",
            "name": "Fire prevention",
            "description": "Fire triangle.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "fire-finding",
                "name": "Fire prevention",
                "description": "Fire prevention.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can fires be prevented here?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which extinguisher suits this fuel?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "co",
            "name": "Carbon monoxide",
            "description": "Poisoning.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "co-finding",
                "name": "Carbon monoxide",
                "description": "CO safety.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Are CO alarms fitted near combustion appliances?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "limits",
        "name": "Limits",
        "description": "No harmful help.",
        "rationale": "The agent must not facilitate harm.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "refusal",
            "name": "Refusal",
            "description": "Harmful requests.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "refusal-finding",
                "name": "Refusal",
                "description": "When to decline.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the request about causing harm with fire?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How should the agent decline?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "education",
            "name": "Education",
            "description": "Safe teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "education-finding",
                "name": "Education",
                "description": "Safe teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Can this be taught safely at this level?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What supervision is needed?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should combustion regimes be separate entries?",
    "How should emissions data be linked?",
    "The registry entry has merged aliases naming acts of violence; they should be removed from display."
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}