{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T01:09:15Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:50:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:50:25+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:54+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q13582682",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.classification",
    "name": "classification",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QLT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q13582682/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.classification",
    "name": "classification",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain classification as a process and its principles, describe classification schemes across fields, support designing and applying classifications, and relate classification to machine learning.",
    "definition": "The process of assigning things to classes or categories according to shared characteristics, and the resulting schemes, used in science for organisms, cells and rocks, in information handling for texts, documents and images, in history for periodisation, in seismology, in music competitions and in traditional scholarship such as hadith collections; classification underpins knowledge organisation, statistics and machine learning and is evaluated for consistency and usefulness.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Assigning things to categories.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain principles",
      "describe schemes across fields",
      "support designing classifications",
      "relate to machine learning"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Criteria-based",
      "Hierarchical or flat",
      "Cross-field",
      "Evaluable"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; schemes, taxonomies and labelled sets.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Assignment to classes by characteristics",
      "Schemes and criteria",
      "Clustering finds groups without predefined classes; ranking orders items"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "biological and scientific classification",
      "library and document classification",
      "text and image classification in computing",
      "periodisation and historical classification",
      "classification in competitions and administration"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "process",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "information handling",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "equivalence relation",
        "why": "classes as equivalence classes"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "abstraction",
        "why": "forming categories"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Standard classification systems such as library and statistical classifications",
      "Taxonomic codes of nomenclature",
      "Evaluation standards for classifiers"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Ambiguous or overlapping classes",
      "Bias in classification systems",
      "Misclassification"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Build and apply classification schemes with clear criteria.",
        "Report the scheme and version used for each classification.",
        "Flag ambiguous or borderline cases."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Classify people in ways that reproduce bias.",
        "Hide misclassification rates.",
        "Use outdated schemes without saying so.",
        "Apply classifications to people's sensitive traits without consent."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Classifications that decide people's access to services, credit or rights."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Classifications of people have been used to discriminate.",
        "Misclassification can hide risks or deny help."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "People classified",
        "Users of the scheme"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the process; the owner of each scheme answers for it.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q13582682: classification",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13582682",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Classification",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What classification is.",
        "rationale": "Concepts.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "principles",
            "name": "Principles",
            "description": "Principles.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "principles-finding",
                "name": "Principles",
                "description": "Principles.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What makes a good classification, including mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes and clear criteria?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which field sense is meant here?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "schemes",
            "name": "Schemes",
            "description": "Schemes across fields.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "schemes-finding",
                "name": "Schemes",
                "description": "Schemes.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do biological, library, statistical, seismic, historical and other classification schemes differ?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific scheme?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "design",
        "name": "Design",
        "description": "Designing and applying.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "design",
            "name": "Design",
            "description": "Designing a classification.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "design-finding",
                "name": "Design",
                "description": "Design.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can a classification scheme be designed for this purpose, and how are edge cases handled?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits taxonomy design?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "apply",
            "name": "Apply",
            "description": "Classifying items.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "apply-finding",
                "name": "Apply",
                "description": "Application.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How should this item be classified under this scheme, and how is consistency ensured?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references decide?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "computing",
        "name": "Computing",
        "description": "Automated classification.",
        "rationale": "Technology.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "ml",
            "name": "ML",
            "description": "Machine learning classifiers.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "ml-finding",
                "name": "ML",
                "description": "Machine learning.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do text, image and other classifiers work, and how are they evaluated?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits machine learning?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "bias",
            "name": "Bias",
            "description": "Bias and fairness.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "bias-finding",
                "name": "Bias",
                "description": "Bias.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What biases arise in classification systems and classifiers, and what do researchers recommend?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which findings are contested?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "History and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History of classification.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did classification develop from Aristotle and Linnaeus to modern knowledge organisation, including traditions such as hadith classification?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can classification be taught across subjects?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should each classification system be a separate entry?",
    "How should standards be linked?",
    "How should machine learning resources be linked?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}