{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T11:26:41Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0955d-5a92-7592-9ee1-4d8cd191f01d\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: multiphase flow\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 044: 1001", "usd": 0.0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 83.0, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0955d-5a91-7211-9ab7-1889e3117f26\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: multiphase flow\nRegistry id: vr.tr.multiphase-flow\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (" } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T12:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:50:36+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1559665", "registryId": "vr.tr.multiphase-flow", "name": "multiphase flow", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1559665/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.multiphase-flow", "name": "multiphase flow", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognize multiphase flow, assess phase distribution and transport, and judge which measurements, predictions, or interventions are justified.", "definition": "Multiphase flow is the simultaneous motion of two or more physically distinct phases within a system, with their interaction governed by interfaces and exchanges of momentum, heat, and, where applicable, mass.", "scope_statement": "This model owns multiphase flow as an ACT / ACT.ACT process registered as vr.tr.multiphase-flow: motion involving at least two physically distinct phases, with at least one fluid phase, including their interfaces, relative motion, exchanges, and changes of flow regime within a specified observation domain.", "in_scope": [ "Identification of participating phases and evidence that they remain physically distinct", "Phase fractions, phase-specific transport, relative velocities, and spatial distribution", "Dispersed, separated, and transitional flow configurations", "Interphase momentum, heat, and mass transfer, including phase appearance or disappearance", "Effects of confinement, orientation, wetting, and porous pathways on flow", "Measurement interpretation, model applicability, and justified operating changes" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Single-phase multicomponent transport without a distinct second phase", "Static phase equilibrium except where it establishes conditions for the flowing process", "Intrinsic substance properties and constitutive data owned by material models", "Complete design, maintenance, or certification of pipes, reactors, pumps, and separators", "Chemical reaction mechanisms except for their effects on phase inventory and transport", "Dry granular flow without a materially relevant fluid phase" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require evidence of distinct phases; multiple chemical species dissolved in one homogeneous fluid do not alone establish multiphase flow.", "Recognize that one chemical substance can supply multiple phases, as with liquid water and water vapor.", "Require transport within the observation domain; an undisturbed layered mixture alone is a static multiphase system.", "Distinguish transported or dynamically interacting dispersed solids from stationary walls or a fixed porous matrix.", "Do not require relative phase velocity: equal phase velocities can be an approximation within a multiphase flow.", "Treat two-phase flow as a subset of this entry rather than a separate competing definition." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Phase inventory", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Phase identifiers with physical state, composition, and continuous or dispersed role", "why_it_matters": "Establishes what is flowing and prevents chemical components from being mistaken for phases." }, { "name": "Phase occupancy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Volume fraction 0-1; specify local, cross-sectional, or volume average and whether the denominator is total volume or pore volume", "why_it_matters": "Quantifies phase presence while distinguishing bulk holdup from porous-medium saturation." }, { "name": "Phase transport rate", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass flow kg/s or volumetric flow m³/s at stated pressure and temperature", "why_it_matters": "Supports inventory balances and distinguishes flow-rate fractions from in-situ volume fractions." }, { "name": "Phase velocity and slip", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "m/s; identify intrinsic phase velocity, superficial velocity, and the ordered phase pair for slip", "why_it_matters": "Separates actual phase motion from velocity defined over the total flow area." }, { "name": "Flow configuration", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Dispersed, separated, mixed, or transitional; application-specific regime label with classification basis", "why_it_matters": "Determines which measurements and transport approximations are plausible." }, { "name": "Interface and dispersed-size measures", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Interfacial area density m⁻¹; bubble, droplet, or particle diameter distribution in m with averaging convention", "why_it_matters": "Connects observed morphology to exchange rates and breakup or coalescence." }, { "name": "Pressure and thermal conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Absolute pressure Pa, pressure gradient Pa/m, phase temperature K", "why_it_matters": "Constrains density, phase stability, driving forces, and heat transfer." }, { "name": "Interphase exchange", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Momentum source N/m³, heat source W/m³, mass source kg/(m³·s), with receiving phase and sign convention", "why_it_matters": "Makes coupling and phase conversion explicit in phase balances." }, { "name": "Flow-domain relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to geometry, inclination, gravity direction, walls, wetting conditions, and porous matrix", "why_it_matters": "Explains why the same phase rates can produce different distributions and pressure losses." }, { "name": "Prediction applicability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported within validation range, extrapolated, contradicted, or unassessed", "why_it_matters": "Limits what an agent can infer or recommend from a selected closure or simulation." } ], "affordances": [ "Determine whether observations establish multiphase flow and identify the participating phases.", "Reconcile phase fractions, rates, and velocities on a consistent spatial and temporal basis.", "Classify an observed flow configuration and flag evidence of a regime transition.", "Select a measurement strategy or candidate modeling approach appropriate to interface and particle scales.", "Evaluate proposed changes in phase feed, pressure, heat input, or orientation against a validated operating envelope.", "Identify missing evidence that prevents reliable prediction of pressure loss, phase carryover, deposition, or thermal behavior." ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain multiphase flow and the models used to describe it.", "Run simulations or monitor flows on systems the agent is authorized to operate." ], "must_not": [ "Change operating conditions of pipelines, reactors or wells carrying multiphase flow without the operator's authorization.", "Present simulation results as validated without test data.", "Disable alarms on systems where slugging or phase changes can cause damage." ], "requires_human": [ "Control actions on safety-critical plant during abnormal flow conditions." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Multiphase flow failures in pipelines and plants can cause explosions and spills.", "Engineering models must be honest about their uncertainty." ], "affected_parties": [ "Plant workers", "Nearby communities", "Environment" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "Nobody owns the phenomenon; operators answer for the plants where it occurs.", "master_systems": [] }, "what_it_is_for": [ "Multiphase flow occurs in pipelines, reactors, boilers and natural systems where gases, liquids or solids move together.", "Its analysis supports equipment design, transport measurement and prediction of phase separation or mixing.", "It is also studied in environmental processes such as sediment transport and gas movement through water." ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ASME B31.3, issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, applies to process piping within its scope, including piping carrying multiphase fluids." ], "visual_identification": [ "Visible bubbles in liquid or droplets in gas indicate distinct phases moving within the same flow.", "Moving solid particles suspended in a fluid distinguish particle-laden flow from a visibly uniform fluid stream.", "Alternating gas pockets and liquid plugs, or moving layers separated by an interface, can reveal particular multiphase flow patterns." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Intermittent flow can create pressure fluctuations and vibration that damage equipment or supports.", "Entrained particles or droplets can erode surfaces and contribute to leaks or equipment failure.", "Uneven phase distribution can impair heat transfer and cause local overheating.", "Incorrect assumptions about phase proportions can produce misleading measurements and unsafe control decisions." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q1559665: multiphase flow", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1559665", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Multiphase flow", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphase_flow", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "phase-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Phase identity and boundaries", "description": "Establish what counts as a phase and where the flowing instance begins and ends.", "rationale": "Without explicit phase and domain boundaries, an agent can confuse a solution, a static mixture, or surrounding solids with the process being modeled.", "layers": [ { "id": "participating-phases", "name": "Participating phases", "description": "Identify physically distinct phases and their evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "phase-distinctness", "name": "Phase distinctness", "description": "Record phase identities separately from chemical species and identify the observations or thermodynamic reasoning supporting each distinction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which gas, liquid, or solid phases are present, and which chemical components belong to each?", "kind": "definition", "id": "phase-distinctness-q01" }, { "text": "What observation or phase-state calculation establishes each phase under the actual pressure and temperature?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "phase-distinctness-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flow-instance-boundary", "name": "Flow instance boundary", "description": "Define the control volume, observation interval, and role of stationary structures.", "findings": [ { "id": "transport-and-solid-role", "name": "Transport and solid role", "description": "Specify the motion that makes this a flow and distinguish participating solids from fixed boundaries or a porous skeleton.", "questions": [ { "text": "Across what control volume and time interval is phase motion being assessed?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "transport-and-solid-role-q01" }, { "text": "Are solids transported particles, a dynamically interacting bed, deposits, or a fixed matrix, and how does that choice affect phase counting?", "kind": "definition", "id": "transport-and-solid-role-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "phase-distribution-and-regimes", "name": "Phase distribution and regimes", "description": "Describe phase connectivity, interface arrangement, and changes in flow pattern.", "rationale": "Phase inventory alone does not reveal whether transport occurs through bubbles, films, slugs, droplets, or connected pathways.", "layers": [ { "id": "interface-topology", "name": "Interface topology", "description": "Characterize continuous regions, dispersed entities, and the relevant observation scale.", "findings": [ { "id": "resolved-or-dispersed-structure", "name": "Resolved or dispersed structure", "description": "Record whether interfaces are individually represented or described through averaged phase occupancy and dispersed populations; this distinction is used in [COMSOL's multiphase modeling guidance](https://www.comsol.com/blogs/modeling-and-simulation-of-multiphase-flow-in-comsol-part-1).", "questions": [ { "text": "Which phases form connected regions and which occur as bubbles, droplets, or particles at the observation scale?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "resolved-or-dispersed-structure-q01" }, { "text": "What interface area, film thickness, or dispersed-size distribution is known, and by which averaging convention?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "resolved-or-dispersed-structure-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regime-assignment", "name": "Regime assignment", "description": "Attach flow-pattern labels to a stated application and evidence base.", "findings": [ { "id": "regime-evidence-and-transition", "name": "Regime evidence and transition", "description": "Treat regime labels as geometry-dependent classifications, preserving mixed patterns, transition uncertainty, and any history dependence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which regime classification or flow map is being used, and does its geometry, orientation, and phase pair match this case?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "regime-evidence-and-transition-q01" }, { "text": "What time-resolved evidence distinguishes a persistent regime from intermittent or transitional behavior?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "regime-evidence-and-transition-q02" }, { "text": "Which changes in phase rates or boundary conditions could cross the supported regime boundary?", "kind": "action", "id": "regime-evidence-and-transition-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "phase-transport-and-balances", "name": "Phase transport and balances", "description": "Relate occupancy, phase rates, relative motion, and accumulation.", "rationale": "Confusing holdup with flow fraction or superficial velocity with phase velocity can invalidate transport estimates.", "layers": [ { "id": "occupancy-and-kinematics", "name": "Occupancy and kinematics", "description": "Put fraction and velocity measurements on compatible bases.", "findings": [ { "id": "fraction-and-velocity-basis", "name": "Fraction and velocity basis", "description": "Record fraction denominators, velocity definitions, reference conditions, and averaging scales before relating phase occupancy to throughput.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does each reported fraction represent in-situ volume, mass, volumetric throughput, or pore-volume saturation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "fraction-and-velocity-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Are velocities intrinsic or superficial, and what phase-pair slip follows from compatible measurements?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fraction-and-velocity-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "phase-conservation", "name": "Phase conservation", "description": "Account for inlet and outlet transport, storage, and phase conversion.", "findings": [ { "id": "inventory-balance", "name": "Inventory balance", "description": "Reconcile each phase inventory with measured fluxes and transfer terms, while keeping interphase conversion distinct from external addition or removal.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do inlet rates, outlet rates, accumulation, and phase conversion close each phase mass balance within measurement uncertainty?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "inventory-balance-q01" }, { "text": "Where phase inventories change, what evidence separates conversion from entrainment, deposition, leakage, or unmeasured storage?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "inventory-balance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interphase-coupling-and-transformation", "name": "Interphase coupling and transformation", "description": "Capture exchanges and interface changes that couple phase behavior.", "rationale": "Independent phase descriptions cannot explain shared pressure losses, thermal disequilibrium, or evolving dispersed populations.", "layers": [ { "id": "momentum-coupling", "name": "Momentum coupling", "description": "Identify mechanisms that produce or resist relative phase motion.", "findings": [ { "id": "force-and-closure-selection", "name": "Force and closure selection", "description": "Record the relevance and evidential basis of drag, lift, added-mass effects, turbulent dispersion, and particle contacts rather than assuming every mechanism applies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which momentum exchanges materially affect phase slip or distribution in this configuration?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "force-and-closure-selection-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports the selected force closures for the observed size, concentration, shape, and flow regime?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "force-and-closure-selection-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-mass-and-interface-change", "name": "Thermal, mass, and interface change", "description": "Separate phase conversion from redistribution and changes in dispersed size.", "findings": [ { "id": "exchange-and-population-evolution", "name": "Exchange and population evolution", "description": "Track heat and species transfer, phase appearance or disappearance, breakup, and coalescence as distinct mechanisms with different balance effects.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are phases at a common temperature and local equilibrium, or must finite heat and mass transfer be represented?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "exchange-and-population-evolution-q01" }, { "text": "Which observations distinguish evaporation, condensation, dissolution, or solidification from breakup and coalescence?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "exchange-and-population-evolution-q02" }, { "text": "When a phase appears or disappears, which assumptions and measurements must be reconsidered?", "kind": "action", "id": "exchange-and-population-evolution-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "confinement-driving-and-operation", "name": "Confinement, driving, and operation", "description": "Relate the physical flow setting to transport responses and possible interventions.", "rationale": "Gravity, walls, wetting, and pore structure can govern phase distribution as strongly as the supplied phase rates.", "layers": [ { "id": "geometry-and-boundary-effects", "name": "Geometry and boundary effects", "description": "Describe the domain features that constrain phase motion and connectivity.", "findings": [ { "id": "confinement-wetting-and-pathways", "name": "Confinement, wetting, and pathways", "description": "Record geometry, orientation, wall interaction, and porous-medium effects where they materially control the flow.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which dimensions, inclinations, restrictions, and gravity directions control phase segregation or interface shape?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "confinement-wetting-and-pathways-q01" }, { "text": "Do wetting, capillary entry, relative permeability, or trapping need representation, and what establishes their relevance?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "confinement-wetting-and-pathways-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operating-response", "name": "Operating response", "description": "Connect controllable inputs to flow-specific outcomes and limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "intervention-envelope", "name": "Intervention envelope", "description": "Evaluate changes against case-specific evidence for pressure loss, intermittent loading, phase carryover, solids accumulation, or thermal limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which phase feed rates, pressures, heat inputs, or outlet conditions can be changed, and what response is sought?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed or validated thresholds constrain the proposed change for this geometry and phase system?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "intervention-envelope-q02" }, { "text": "Which measurements would show that the intervention caused an unwanted regime transition or loss of transport?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "intervention-envelope-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observation-and-prediction-validity", "name": "Observation and prediction validity", "description": "Establish what the available measurements and computational representations can support.", "rationale": "Different measurements and averaging choices can hide phase structure and make apparently consistent predictions unreliable.", "layers": [ { "id": "measurement-observability", "name": "Measurement observability", "description": "Relate sensor outputs to phase quantities and unresolved behavior.", "findings": [ { "id": "sensor-to-phase-inference", "name": "Sensor-to-phase inference", "description": "Separate directly observed quantities from inferred phase fractions, velocities, sizes, and regimes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which phase quantities are directly resolved, and which depend on calibration, reconstruction, or assumed phase properties?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sensor-to-phase-inference-q01" }, { "text": "Can the spatial resolution and sampling rate capture the relevant bubbles, films, particles, and intermittency?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "sensor-to-phase-inference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "representation-and-validation", "name": "Representation and validation", "description": "Match the chosen representation and closures to the required prediction.", "findings": [ { "id": "model-applicability", "name": "Model applicability", "description": "Record which interfaces or particles are resolved and which are averaged, then assess closures separately from numerical convergence; constitutive-model evaluation is an explicit purpose of [NETL's MFiX work](https://www.netl.doe.gov/carbon-management/simulation-based-engineering/multiphase-flow-science).", "questions": [ { "text": "Why is an interface-resolving, Eulerian multifluid, mixture, particle-tracking, or porous-medium representation adequate for the decision?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "model-applicability-q01" }, { "text": "Which independent measurements validate the required outputs, and over what phase fractions, rates, sizes, and geometries?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "model-applicability-q02" }, { "text": "What additional evidence is required before using the prediction outside its validated range?", "kind": "action", "id": "model-applicability-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The term denotes a physical process and a field of study; the supplied ACT.ACT classification does not resolve that distinction.", "Phase-counting conventions vary, especially for multiple solid populations and immiscible liquids; specify the convention when comparing models.", "Recalled knowledge only; quantitative operating ranges, flow-regime boundaries, and applicable equipment standards require system-specific verification." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of multiphase flow this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Gas-liquid flow", "Liquid-liquid flow involving immiscible liquids", "Gas-solid flow", "Liquid-solid flow", "Gas-liquid-solid flow" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of multiphase flow this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Transport and separation of oil, gas, and water in production systems", "Boiling and condensation in power generation and refrigeration", "Fluidized beds and pneumatic conveying of particles", "Slurry transport in mineral processing", "Gas-liquid contacting in chemical reactors and wastewater treatment" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of multiphase flow this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Phase volume fraction", "typical_range": "0-1 by definition; fractions sum to 1 over all phases", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Gas void fraction", "typical_range": "0-1 by definition; operating values depend on flow regime", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Superficial velocity of a phase", "typical_range": "System-dependent; phase volumetric flow rate divided by the total flow cross-sectional area", "unit": "m/s" }, { "quantity": "Pressure gradient along the flow", "typical_range": "System-dependent; affected by friction, gravity, and acceleration", "unit": "Pa/m" }, { "quantity": "Bubble, droplet, or particle diameter", "typical_range": "System-dependent; usually requires a size distribution and a stated averaging convention", "unit": "m" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of multiphase flow this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Slugging can produce pressure fluctuations, vibration, and intermittent equipment loading.", "Particle or droplet impact can erode pipes, valves, and machinery.", "Settling and accumulation of solids can obstruct flow passages.", "Boiling dryout or departure from nucleate boiling can sharply reduce heat transfer and overheat surfaces.", "Gas entrainment and cavitation can impair pump performance; cavitation collapse can damage surfaces." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of multiphase flow this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Single-phase flow", "difference": "Contains one physical phase, even when that phase contains several chemical species." }, { "name": "Multicomponent flow", "difference": "Distinguishes chemical constituents rather than physical phases; a homogeneous mixture can be multicomponent but single-phase." }, { "name": "Two-phase flow", "difference": "Restricts multiphase flow to exactly two phases." }, { "name": "Porous-media flow", "difference": "Identifies flow through a pore network; the flowing material can be single-phase or multiphase, and the stationary solid matrix is ordinarily treated separately." }, { "name": "Flow regime", "difference": "Describes the spatial and temporal arrangement of phases, such as bubbly, slug, stratified, or annular flow, rather than which phases are present." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of multiphase flow this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which existing Vercy world model, if any, already owns multiphase flow and should be linked instead of creating a duplicate?", "Which disciplinary definitions should govern borderline cases such as fluidized beds, stationary particles in flowing fluid, and dry granular flows with interstitial gas?", "Should porous-medium multiphase flow remain wholly within this model or be represented through a specialized linked model with saturation, capillary pressure, and relative permeability?", "Which authoritative regime classifications and transition criteria should be adopted for each phase pair, geometry, and orientation?", "What minimum observational and validation evidence should qualify an operating recommendation when interfaces or dispersed populations are unresolved?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 13, "findings": 18, "questions": 34 } }