{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-10-21T19:46:56Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "researched by Claude against the sources listed below",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 5,
    "engine": "claude",
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-21T19:51:02+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "6 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q161598",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.groundwater",
    "name": "groundwater",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.5",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.MAT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q161598/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.groundwater",
    "name": "groundwater",
    "purpose": "Let an agent describe groundwater by aquifer, level, quality and use, and point to monitoring data and protection rules.",
    "definition": "Water in the saturated zone beneath the ground, filling pores and fractures in soil and rock; aquifers are the formations that store and transmit appreciable amounts of it. It feeds springs, rivers and wells and is a major source of drinking and irrigation water.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Supplying drinking water, irrigation and industry, and sustaining rivers, wetlands and ecosystems in dry periods.",
    "affordances": [
      "describe an aquifer and its groundwater",
      "find monitored levels and quality data",
      "explain recharge and depletion",
      "point to protection rules and drinking water standards"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Water in the saturated zone below the water table, unlike soil moisture above it.",
      "Not all groundwater is in an aquifer; under the EU Water Framework Directive a body of groundwater is a distinct volume within aquifers.",
      "Flow speed depends on geology and gradients; travel times range from days to many thousands of years.",
      "Can be fresh, brackish or saline."
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible underground; seen where it emerges in springs, wells and seepage.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Springs and seeps",
      "Water standing in wells and boreholes"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "unconfined groundwater",
      "confined (artesian) groundwater",
      "alluvial groundwater",
      "karst groundwater",
      "fossil (non-renewable) groundwater",
      "coastal groundwater"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is stored in",
        "target": "aquifer",
        "why": "geological formation"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is recharged by",
        "target": "precipitation",
        "why": "infiltration"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "surface water",
        "why": "rivers and lakes"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is regulated by",
        "target": "Groundwater Directive",
        "why": "EU protection"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "groundwater body code",
        "value_or_pattern": "member-state code",
        "note": "EU Water Framework Directive reporting"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "EU Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC",
      "EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC",
      "WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Over-abstraction and falling water tables",
      "Chemical contamination by nitrates, pesticides, arsenic and industrial chemicals",
      "Microbial contamination, especially of shallow groundwater",
      "Land subsidence",
      "Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers"
    ],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "describe groundwater and provide monitoring data with sources"
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "declare well water safe to drink without tests",
        "advise drilling or abstraction without permits"
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "drinking water safety decisions",
        "abstraction permits"
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "fair sharing of groundwater",
        "protection for future generations"
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "communities depending on wells",
        "farmers",
        "ecosystems"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "the state or water authority, under the rules of each jurisdiction",
      "master_systems": [
        "national groundwater monitoring networks",
        "IGRAC global groundwater information"
      ]
    },
    "facets_not_applicable": {
      "properties": "Properties belong to each aquifer and sample; they are recorded under quantity and quality."
    },
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "SRC-001",
      "title": "Q161598",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598",
      "what_it_supports": "identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-002",
      "title": "Groundwater",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the subject",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-003",
      "title": "Aquifers and Groundwater",
      "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/aquifers-and-groundwater",
      "what_it_supports": "groundwater and aquifers",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-004",
      "title": "Groundwater",
      "publisher": "European Commission",
      "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/groundwater_en",
      "what_it_supports": "EU groundwater policy",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-005",
      "title": "Groundwater Decline and Depletion",
      "publisher": "US Geological Survey",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/groundwater-decline-and-depletion",
      "what_it_supports": "depletion",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-006",
      "title": "Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality",
      "publisher": "World Health Organization",
      "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/guidelines-for-drinking-water-quality---frequently-asked-questions",
      "what_it_supports": "drinking water",
      "url_status": "live"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "aquifer",
        "name": "Aquifer",
        "description": "Where the groundwater is.",
        "rationale": "Aquifer properties govern everything.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "type",
            "name": "Type",
            "description": "Confined, unconfined, karst.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "aquifer-type",
                "name": "Aquifer type",
                "description": "Geology and confinement.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What type of aquifer holds the water?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How deep is it?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "properties",
            "name": "Properties",
            "description": "Permeability and storage.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "hydraulic-properties",
                "name": "Hydraulic properties",
                "description": "Transmissivity and storage.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are its transmissivity and storage?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "From which tests?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "quantity",
        "name": "Quantity",
        "description": "How much water.",
        "rationale": "Depletion is a major issue.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "levels",
            "name": "Levels",
            "description": "Water table and trends.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "water-level",
                "name": "Water level",
                "description": "Level with unit and datum; depth below ground versus hydraulic head; trend.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the current level and trend?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which monitoring well reports it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "recharge-and-use",
            "name": "Recharge and use",
            "description": "Inflows and abstraction.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "water-balance",
                "name": "Water balance",
                "description": "Recharge and abstraction.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How much is recharged and abstracted?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is it sustainable?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "quality",
        "name": "Quality",
        "description": "What is in the water.",
        "rationale": "Quality decides use.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "chemistry",
            "name": "Chemistry",
            "description": "Natural and polluting substances.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "quality-data",
                "name": "Quality data",
                "description": "Parameters and limits.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which parameters exceed limits?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "When was it sampled?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "pollution-sources",
            "name": "Pollution sources",
            "description": "Origins of contamination.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "source",
                "name": "Source",
                "description": "Pollution source.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Where does the contamination come from?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is it natural, such as arsenic?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "management",
        "name": "Management",
        "description": "Protection and use.",
        "rationale": "Rules govern abstraction.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "protection",
            "name": "Protection",
            "description": "Zones and directives.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "protection-zone",
                "name": "Protection zone",
                "description": "Zones and rules.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the area a protection zone?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which rules apply?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "abstraction",
            "name": "Abstraction",
            "description": "Permits and wells.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "abstraction-permit",
                "name": "Abstraction permit",
                "description": "Permit and limits.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is there a permit for abstraction?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What volume is allowed?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should deep-seated fluids, merged here, be separate from usable groundwater?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}