{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T20:24:53Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:50:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:46:51+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q166620",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.drainage-basin",
    "name": "drainage basin",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.PLC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q166620/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.drainage-basin",
    "name": "drainage basin",
    "purpose": "Let an agent identify drainage basins and their boundaries, explain hydrology and water balance, support water management and flood risk questions, and describe transboundary governance.",
    "definition": "The area of land where all surface water drains to a common outlet such as a river mouth, lake or, in endorheic basins, an inland sink, bounded by drainage divides and organised into sub-basins; drainage basins are the units of hydrology, water management and flood risk and often cross political boundaries.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Hydrology and water resource management.",
    "affordances": [
      "identify the basin of a place or river",
      "explain water balance and flow",
      "support flood risk and water management questions",
      "describe basin governance"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Common outlet",
      "Topographically bounded",
      "Nested sub-basins",
      "Management unit"
    ],
    "appearance": "Land areas defined by divides, visible on topographic maps.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Bounded by drainage divides",
      "All water flows to one outlet",
      "A river is the channel; the basin is the whole catchment"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "Drainage area",
        "unit": "square kilometres",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Measure the area enclosed by the drainage divide for a specified outlet using mapped boundaries or an elevation model."
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Basin relief",
        "unit": "metres",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Calculate the elevation difference between the highest and lowest points within the delineated basin using a consistent vertical datum."
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Mean surface slope",
        "unit": "degrees",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Calculate local terrain slopes from an elevation model and average them across the basin while reporting the model resolution."
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Drainage density",
        "unit": "kilometres per square kilometre",
        "typical_range": "",
        "note": "Divide the total mapped channel length by basin area while stating which permanent and intermittent channels are included."
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "river basins draining to the sea",
      "endorheic basins",
      "lake basins",
      "sub-basins and headwater catchments",
      "transboundary basins"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "fluvial landform",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "region",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "drains to",
        "target": "ocean",
        "why": "outlet"
      },
      {
        "relation": "contains",
        "target": "alluvial-fan",
        "why": "landforms"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "EU Water Framework Directive basin management",
      "Transboundary water conventions",
      "National flood risk regulations"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Flooding",
      "Pollution transport downstream",
      "Upstream-downstream conflicts"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Report the extent, rivers and sub-basins of a drainage basin from hydrological sources.",
        "Relay flood warnings for a basin from the competent authority."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Alter water flows, dams or diversions it does not have authority over.",
        "Discharge pollutants into any part of a basin.",
        "Misstate basin boundaries in planning or water rights documents.",
        "Downplay downstream effects of upstream abstraction or works."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Approving abstraction, diversion or works that change flows in the basin."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Upstream actions affect everyone downstream, often across borders.",
        "Water allocation in a basin decides who can farm, drink and live there."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Downstream communities",
        "Farmers and water users",
        "River ecosystems"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "The public: held in common; river basin authorities manage it.",
      "master_systems": [
        "River basin management plans",
        "Hydrological databases"
      ]
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q166620: drainage basin",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Drainage basin",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "identify",
        "name": "Identify",
        "description": "Which basin.",
        "rationale": "Divides define basins.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "locate",
            "name": "Locate",
            "description": "Basin of a place.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "locate-finding",
                "name": "Locate",
                "description": "Basin.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which drainage basin and sub-basin does this place belong to, according to hydrological data?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Where does its water end up?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "delineate",
            "name": "Delineate",
            "description": "Boundaries.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "delineate-finding",
                "name": "Delineate",
                "description": "Delineation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are basin boundaries delineated from elevation data?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How is basin area computed?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "hydrology",
        "name": "Hydrology",
        "description": "Water in the basin.",
        "rationale": "Water balance.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "balance",
            "name": "Balance",
            "description": "Water balance.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "balance-finding",
                "name": "Balance",
                "description": "Water balance.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are the precipitation, evaporation, runoff and storage of this basin?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How does land use affect runoff?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "endorheic",
            "name": "Endorheic",
            "description": "Closed basins.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "endorheic-finding",
                "name": "Endorheic",
                "description": "Closed basins.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is an endorheic basin, and why are its lakes sensitive to change?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which examples are notable?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "manage",
        "name": "Manage",
        "description": "Water management.",
        "rationale": "Basin-scale planning.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "flood",
            "name": "Flood",
            "description": "Flood risk.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "flood-finding",
                "name": "Flood",
                "description": "Flood risk.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the flood risk in this basin, according to official maps and warnings?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is a flood warning in force now?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "plans",
            "name": "Plans",
            "description": "Basin management plans.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "plans-finding",
                "name": "Plans",
                "description": "Plans.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which basin management plan applies, and what are its objectives?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How can the public participate?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "governance",
        "name": "Governance",
        "description": "Shared basins.",
        "rationale": "Cooperation.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "transboundary",
            "name": "Transboundary",
            "description": "Cross-border basins.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "transboundary-finding",
                "name": "Transboundary",
                "description": "Transboundary basins.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which countries share this basin, and which agreements govern it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Are disputes described neutrally with attribution?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can drainage basins be taught with maps and models?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should each major basin be a separate entry?",
    "How should hydrological data be linked?",
    "How should governance bodies be linked?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}