{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-06T21:17:27Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01411986, "turns": 1, "seconds": 132.2, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 64.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07891-080b-75c1-9efa-f33886b09d93\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: common sunflower\nRegistry id: vr.tr.common-sunflower\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry:" } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T11:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:02:29+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "failure_modes_and_hazards", "owners", "visual_identification" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-07T11:14:34+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "definition" ], "answering_review": "7911904eafaec289fabe18ef57b6a553346c784b29f8422c108a0dd8d71c49e5" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T12:16:29+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "3 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q171497", "registryId": "vr.tr.common-sunflower", "name": "common sunflower", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q171497/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.common-sunflower", "name": "common sunflower", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a common sunflower, assess its development and condition, and choose appropriate observation, care, propagation or harvest actions.", "definition": "Helianthus annuus L. is an annual diploid (2n = 34) composite native to central and western North America, with lower leaves that may be opposite and upper leaves alternate, typically radiate capitula bearing sterile yellow rays around a brown to purple disc, paleate receptacles, and single-seeded oil-rich achenes; the species includes wild populations and cultivated oilseed, confectionery and ornamental sunflowers derived from them, with cultivated forms including other ray colours and double flower heads, and remains a widespread ruderal and rotational weed.", "scope_statement": "This model owns an individual common sunflower plant, provisionally identified as Helianthus annuus, including its attached organs, growing context and reproductive state, while preserving uncertainty about identification, cultivar and intended use.", "in_scope": [ "Identification as Helianthus annuus and evidence distinguishing it from similar plants", "Individual growth form, cultivar or accession identity when known, and developmental stage", "Root-zone conditions, light exposure and responses relevant to care", "Flower-head development, pollination opportunity and seed maturation", "Plant damage, structural stability and suitability for an intended action" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Field-scale crop rotation, yield forecasting and farm operations", "Pollinator species identification and population management", "Soil ecosystems and weather systems beyond their observed effects on this plant", "Detached seed lots, processed sunflower oil and food-product quality assurance", "Independent models of pathogens, pests and pesticide products" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Check for a composite flower head containing numerous central disc florets and, in typical forms, peripheral ray florets; yellow rays alone do not establish sunflower identity.", "Inspect leaf arrangement along the stem: lower leaves may be opposite and upper leaves alternate; record broad, rough, toothed leaves as supporting evidence rather than a conclusive test.", "Distinguish common sunflower from Jerusalem artichoke and other perennial sunflowers using underground organs and evidence of annual versus persistent growth; absence of visible tubers is inconclusive without inspection.", "Use involucral bracts, leaf attachment and stem or leaf hair characters in an appropriate botanical key to distinguish Helianthus annuus from other Helianthus species.", "Allow branched, small-headed, coloured-ray and double-flowered cultivated forms; a single giant yellow head is neither required nor sufficient for identification." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unresolved | provisional Helianthus annuus | supported Helianthus annuus; evidence recorded", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether sunflower-specific care or reproductive decisions have a sound basis." }, { "name": "Cultivar or accession association", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "named cultivar, accession or supplier record | unknown", "why_it_matters": "Expected stature, branching, floral form and pollen production can vary among cultivated forms." }, { "name": "Developmental stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "seedling | vegetative | visible bud | flowering | seed filling | senescing | dead", "why_it_matters": "Care and harvest decisions depend on stage rather than calendar date alone." }, { "name": "Plant height", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cm from growing-medium surface to highest living point, with observation date", "why_it_matters": "Supports growth tracking and assessment of exposure, clearance and support needs." }, { "name": "Branching habit", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "unbranched | branched | uncertain; lateral branch and head counts", "why_it_matters": "Helps interpret cultivar expectations and the consequences of cutting or pinching." }, { "name": "Head diameter", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cm across the disc, excluding rays; head identity and stage recorded", "why_it_matters": "Tracks individual head development without confusing disc size with ray length." }, { "name": "Root-zone moisture", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "volumetric water content (%) when instrumented, or explicitly labelled qualitative observation; depth and time recorded", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish a need for watering from other causes of wilting." }, { "name": "Direct sunlight exposure", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "estimated or measured hours per day, with season and method", "why_it_matters": "Provides context for growth, flowering and decisions about placement." }, { "name": "Stem and anchorage condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "upright | leaning | bent | broken | uprooted; damage location recorded", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether support, protection or removal may be appropriate." }, { "name": "Reproductive outcome", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "not assessed | flowering | developing fruits | apparently filled fruits | mature fruits | failed or aborted", "why_it_matters": "Separates flowering from successful seed production and supports harvest timing." } ], "affordances": [ "Document diagnostic leaves, stems, bracts and heads to improve identification.", "Adjust watering or placement using root-zone observations, exposure and developmental stage.", "Support a leaning stem or protect a developing head when observed loads and damage justify intervention.", "Track flowering and pollinator access, and manage pollination when seed parentage matters.", "Choose whether to retain, deadhead or cut a head according to ornamental, wildlife or seed-saving goals.", "Assess seed maturity and harvest readiness, or collect evidence before responding to suspected pests or disease." ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Identify sunflowers and report growth, flowering and pest condition to the grower.", "Advise on harvest timing and seed storage." ], "must_not": [ "Spray crops beyond label instructions or near bees in flower.", "Misrepresent seed varieties or genetic traits in sales.", "Introduce sunflowers where they are listed as invasive.", "Feed mouldy seed to people or animals." ], "requires_human": [ "Spraying or harvest decisions for a commercial crop." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Sunflower fields feed pollinators, and spraying can kill bees.", "Seed and oil prices matter to farmers' livelihoods." ], "affected_parties": [ "Farmers", "Bees and pollinators", "Consumers of seeds and oil" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The grower; variety rights are held by breeders and listed in plant variety registers.", "master_systems": [ "National plant variety registers" ] }, "visual_identification": [ "Tall stems with large flower heads of yellow rays around a brown or purple centre.", "Broad, rough, heart-shaped leaves.", "Heads full of striped or black seeds after flowering." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Mould on stored seed producing toxins.", "Bird and pest losses before harvest.", "Pollinator deaths from poor spraying." ], "what_it_is_for": [ "Common sunflowers are cultivated in agricultural fields for edible oil, edible seeds and other seed products.", "They are grown in gardens and ornamental plantings for their flower heads and as resources for wildlife.", "Wild and escaped plants occur in disturbed ground, roadsides and field margins, where they may be studied or managed as weeds." ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, adopted by the International Botanical Congress, governs the scientific naming of this species.", "The Seed Schemes of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development cover varietal certification of sunflower seed under the scheme for crucifers and other oil or fibre species." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fna-helianthus-annuus", "title": "Helianthus annuus Linnaeus, Flora of North America Volume 21", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Native range, morphological diagnosis versus other Helianthus, and the wild versus cultivated habit." }, { "id": "usda-plants-hean3", "title": "PLANTS Database: Helianthus annuus L.", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=HEAN3", "what_it_supports": "Accepted scientific name, USDA symbol HEAN3, and North American distribution as crop, native, and weed.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "schneiter-1997-monograph", "title": "Sunflower Technology and Production, Agronomy Monograph 35", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Oilseed versus confection types, agronomy, typical oil content and yield, and major diseases and pests." }, { "id": "codex-cxs-210", "title": "Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (CXS 210-1999)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Codex compositional identity of sunflowerseed oil, including linoleic and high-oleic ranges used in trade." }, { "id": "usda-ams-sunflower-seed", "title": "Official United States Standards for Sunflower Seed", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "US grain-inspection grades, oil-type versus confectionery-type seed, and moisture and dockage practice." }, { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q171497: common sunflower", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171497", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Common sunflower", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sunflower", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-grown-form", "name": "Identity and grown form", "description": "Evidence that the plant is common sunflower and context for its particular form.", "rationale": "Similar composite flowers and substantial cultivated variation make appearance-only identification unreliable.", "layers": [ { "id": "species-recognition", "name": "Species recognition", "description": "Observable characters and identification limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-character-set", "name": "Diagnostic character set", "description": "Record the combination of leaf, stem, head and bract characters supporting identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observed characters support Helianthus annuus, and which were checked against a botanical key?", "kind": "definition", "id": "diagnostic-character-set-q01" }, { "text": "Which similar Helianthus species or other composite-flowered plants remain plausible?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "diagnostic-character-set-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cultivated-or-volunteer-origin", "name": "Cultivated or volunteer origin", "description": "Origin and named form that inform expectations without substituting for identification.", "findings": [ { "id": "origin-and-form-evidence", "name": "Origin and form evidence", "description": "Connect planting history and cultivar claims to observed branching and floral form.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was this plant deliberately sown, transplanted or found as a volunteer, and what record supports that history?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "origin-and-form-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports its cultivar identity or a claim that it is pollenless?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "origin-and-form-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "growth-and-structural-support", "name": "Growth and structural support", "description": "Development of the sunflower's stem, branches and head-bearing structure.", "rationale": "Growth stage and head placement affect support needs and the consequences of cutting.", "layers": [ { "id": "developmental-progression", "name": "Developmental progression", "description": "Dated evidence of progression from seedling to senescence.", "findings": [ { "id": "stage-and-growth-trajectory", "name": "Stage and growth trajectory", "description": "Record developmental stage alongside height, branching and head emergence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which structures establish the current stage: true leaves, buds, open florets or developing fruits?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "stage-and-growth-trajectory-q01" }, { "text": "How have height, branch count and head development changed since the previous observation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "stage-and-growth-trajectory-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "head-bearing-stability", "name": "Head-bearing stability", "description": "Stem integrity and anchorage under the plant's current head load and exposure.", "findings": [ { "id": "leaning-and-breakage-risk", "name": "Leaning and breakage risk", "description": "Distinguish head droop from stem bending, breakage or loss of root anchorage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the head drooping at its stalk, the main stem bending, or the root plate moving?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "leaning-and-breakage-risk-q01" }, { "text": "Would staking, a loose support tie or shelter reduce observed instability without damaging the stem?", "kind": "action", "id": "leaning-and-breakage-risk-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "root-zone-and-exposure", "name": "Root zone and exposure", "description": "Conditions governing water access, rooting space and sunlight for this plant.", "rationale": "Sunflower care requires interpreting visible responses against the actual growing environment.", "layers": [ { "id": "water-and-rooting-context", "name": "Water and rooting context", "description": "Root-zone moisture, drainage and restrictions relevant to watering.", "findings": [ { "id": "watering-decision-evidence", "name": "Watering decision evidence", "description": "Connect leaf posture with moisture observations and container or ground conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the moisture condition at root depth, and is the sunflower in a container or unrestricted ground?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "watering-decision-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does evidence support watering, improving drainage or further diagnosis before intervention?", "kind": "action", "id": "watering-decision-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "light-and-weather-exposure", "name": "Light and weather exposure", "description": "Sunlight, shading and recent weather affecting interpretation of growth and posture.", "findings": [ { "id": "exposure-linked-response", "name": "Exposure-linked response", "description": "Record exposure and plant responses without treating head direction as a reliable identity or health test.", "questions": [ { "text": "How much direct sun reaches the foliage, and what neighbouring structures or plants shade it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "exposure-linked-response-q01" }, { "text": "Did wilting, leaning or tissue damage begin after heat, wind, cold or a change in placement?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "exposure-linked-response-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "flowering-and-seed-production", "name": "Flowering and seed production", "description": "Individual head development, pollination context and reproductive outcome.", "rationale": "A sunflower head contains many florets, so an open head does not by itself establish pollination or seed maturity.", "layers": [ { "id": "floret-development-and-pollination", "name": "Floret development and pollination", "description": "Flowering progress within each head and evidence of pollen availability or transfer.", "findings": [ { "id": "head-flowering-status", "name": "Head flowering status", "description": "Distinguish visible rays from disc-floret flowering and record pollination opportunities.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which areas of the disc contain unopened, flowering or spent florets?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "head-flowering-status-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence exists of pollen availability, flower visitors or deliberate pollination?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "head-flowering-status-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "fruit-filling-and-maturity", "name": "Fruit filling and maturity", "description": "Evidence that fruits contain developed seeds and are ready for the intended harvest.", "findings": [ { "id": "seed-harvest-readiness", "name": "Seed harvest readiness", "description": "Assess head condition and sampled fruit development without assuming every visible hull is filled.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do head-back colour, bract condition and a permitted sample of fruits indicate about maturity and filling?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "seed-harvest-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Should this head remain for further filling, be protected from feeding animals or be harvested for the stated purpose?", "kind": "action", "id": "seed-harvest-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-use-decisions", "name": "Condition and use decisions", "description": "Symptoms, damage and intended use that govern intervention on the sunflower.", "rationale": "The same head or leaf condition can lead to different actions depending on developmental stage and whether the plant is grown for display, wildlife or seed.", "layers": [ { "id": "damage-and-decline", "name": "Damage and decline", "description": "Location, extent and progression of abnormal tissue changes.", "findings": [ { "id": "symptom-pattern-and-uncertainty", "name": "Symptom pattern and uncertainty", "description": "Separate observed chewing, spotting, yellowing or rot from unconfirmed causal diagnoses.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which leaves, stem regions or heads are affected, how extensively, and how quickly is the pattern changing?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "symptom-pattern-and-uncertainty-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes expected post-flowering senescence from injury, resource stress or suspected infection?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "symptom-pattern-and-uncertainty-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "retention-cutting-and-removal", "name": "Retention, cutting and removal", "description": "Actions on heads or the whole plant in relation to the owner's intended outcome.", "findings": [ { "id": "purpose-dependent-intervention", "name": "Purpose-dependent intervention", "description": "Record the intended benefit and reproductive or structural consequences before removing tissue.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this sunflower intended for cut flowers, standing display, seed saving, food production or wildlife feeding?", "kind": "definition", "id": "purpose-dependent-intervention-q01" }, { "text": "How would cutting this head or stem affect remaining buds, seed production and the stated purpose?", "kind": "action", "id": "purpose-dependent-intervention-q02" }, { "text": "What treatment history or unresolved identification limits affect whether harvested material can proceed to a food or feed assessment?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "purpose-dependent-intervention-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Wild or weedy common sunflower (branched plants with many small heads)", "Linoleic oilseed (black-hulled, high-oil crushing types)", "Mid-oleic oilseed (NuSun-type identity-preserved oil)", "High-oleic oilseed (oleic acid typically above about 80 percent of fatty acids)", "Confectionery or non-oil (large striped achenes for in-shell snack and hulled kernel)", "Ornamental and cut-flower (dwarf to giant, often pollenless or coloured-ray cultivars)", "Birdseed and screenings grade", "Forage or silage sunflower" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q171497", "note": "Item for Helianthus annuus." }, { "scheme": "ITIS TSN", "value_or_pattern": "36616", "note": "Taxonomic Serial Number for Helianthus annuus." }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "4232", "note": "Taxid for Helianthus annuus." }, { "scheme": "USDA PLANTS symbol", "value_or_pattern": "HEAN3", "note": "Standard plant symbol in the United States." }, { "scheme": "EPPO code", "value_or_pattern": "HELAN", "note": "Plant-protection code used in Europe and by EPPO." }, { "scheme": "Linnaean / IPNI name", "value_or_pattern": "Helianthus annuus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 904 (1753)", "note": "Protologue; the nomenclatural type of the genus Helianthus." }, { "scheme": "Harmonized System", "value_or_pattern": "1206 (seed); 1512 (sunflower-seed oil, with safflower and cotton-seed oils)", "note": "Customs headings for seed and crude/refined oil." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Codex Alimentarius CXS 210-1999, Standard for Named Vegetable Oils - FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (sunflowerseed oil fatty-acid identity, including high-oleic types).", "Official United States Standards for Sunflower Seed - USDA Agricultural Marketing Service / Federal Grain Inspection Service (grades, oil versus confectionery class, moisture, dockage).", "ISTA International Rules for Seed Testing - International Seed Testing Association (purity, germination, and other seed-lot tests applied to sunflower).", "OECD Seed Schemes for crucifers and other oil or fibre species - OECD (varietal identity and certified seed of sunflower).", "UPOV Test Guidelines TG/81 (sunflower) - International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (DUS characters for variety protection).", "Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species - European Commission (varieties lawfully marketed as agricultural seed in the EU).", "Maximum levels for cadmium in oilseeds and derived foods (EU 2023/915 and predecessors) - European Commission (sunflower kernels are a known cadmium accumulator on some soils).", "Canadian Grain Commission sunflower seed grading tables - Canadian Grain Commission." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Crushing of black oilseed for salad, frying and high-oleic industrial oils, with sunflower meal going to ruminant and poultry rations.", "In-shell snack seed and hulled kernels in bakery, confectionery and trail mixes.", "Formulated wild-bird feed, often the largest non-food outlet for small or off-grade seed.", "Garden plants and pollenless cut flowers.", "Major summer bee forage and a honey source in oilseed districts.", "Occasional whole-plant silage.", "Volunteer and ruderal weed in cereal, pulse and row-crop rotations on the Great Plains and in other temperate cropping zones.", "Documented phytoremediation plantings for some metals and, historically, radionuclides." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Plant height at maturity", "typical_range": "0.5-3.5 (ornamental giants to about 5)", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Capitulum (head) diameter", "typical_range": "8-30 (show giants to about 50)", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Seed oil content (oilseed types, dry basis)", "typical_range": "38-50", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Thousand-seed weight", "typical_range": "oilseed 40-80; confection 80-200", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Grain yield (commercial oilseed)", "typical_range": "1.5-3.5", "unit": "t/ha" }, { "quantity": "Days from sowing to physiological maturity", "typical_range": "80-120", "unit": "d" }, { "quantity": "Seed moisture for safe storage", "typical_range": "<10 (harvest often 10-12 before drying)", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Somatic chromosome number", "typical_range": "34", "unit": "2n" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum head rot and mid-stem rot in humid seasons, often the main yield limiter in temperate production.", "Phomopsis/Diaporthe stem canker and Plasmopara halstedii downy mildew, the latter with resistance-breaking races and quarantine significance.", "Sunflower moth and banded sunflower moth larvae destroying developing achenes.", "Bird depredation of ripening heads, especially near wetlands and roosts.", "Heat or drought at anthesis reducing seed set; the crop is largely self-incompatible and needs insect pollinators.", "Lodging and stem breakage under wind and heavy heads.", "Cadmium accumulation in kernels on some soils, triggering food-limit rejections.", "Pollen flow and volunteer plants contaminating identity-preserved high-oleic or confection lots.", "Weedy volunteers competing in following crops.", "IgE-mediated food and occupational allergy to seed proteins (not a major labelled allergen in US/EU lists, but clinically real)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "In the US Great Plains, 'common sunflower' often means the wild weedy plant, while the crop is simply called sunflower; in horticulture the same English name covers garden ornamentals.", "Vernacular names track the turning-head image: French tournesol, Spanish girasol, German Sonnenblume, Russian подсолнечник.", "Elite oil germplasm is largely of Russian/Ukrainian 19th-20th century derivation; Native American landraces (for example Hopi dye types) are a separate cultivated stream.", "Production geography: historically Russia and Ukraine as the oilseed heartland; US Northern Plains split oil versus confection; Argentina a major Southern Hemisphere exporter; EU production concentrated in France, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Spain.", "In parts of Australia the species is both an oilseed crop and a listed environmental weed." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Helianthus petiolaris (prairie sunflower)", "difference": "Also an annual but usually smaller-headed and more slender; phyllaries typically narrower; prefers sandier soils. Chromosome number is also 2n = 34, so hybridisation with H. annuus occurs; identification rests on leaf and involucre characters, not chromosome count." }, { "name": "Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)", "difference": "Perennial with edible tubers and many small heads; H. annuus is annual, lacks tubers, and in cultivation usually bears one or few large heads." }, { "name": "Helianthus argophyllus (silverleaf sunflower)", "difference": "Dense silvery tomentum on leaves and stems; H. annuus foliage is green and scabrous-hairy, not white-felted." }, { "name": "Heliopsis helianthoides (false sunflower)", "difference": "Leaves opposite (H. annuus leaves are alternate); ray florets typically fertile and persistent rather than sterile." }, { "name": "Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)", "difference": "Spiny involucre and usually orange-red florets; traded as another oilseed but not a Helianthus. Achenes lack the sunflower hull striping pattern of confection types." }, { "name": "Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed Susan)", "difference": "Much smaller heads with a dark raised cone; achenes and receptacle structure differ; never an oilseed crop." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of common sunflower this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative regional identification key supplies the most reliable characters for separating Helianthus annuus from locally plausible lookalikes?", "Which cultivar-specific expectations for stature, branching, pollen production and flowering duration can be supported by breeder or accession records?", "What moisture and exposure decision thresholds are justified for the plant's climate, substrate, rooting volume and developmental stage?", "What pollination and isolation practices are required for the intended seed-saving outcome, given the cultivar and nearby compatible plants?", "Which maturity indicators and diagnostic escalation criteria are sufficiently validated for the intended harvest use and locally occurring sunflower disorders?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 29 } }