{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T20:35:42Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T06:59:43+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:55+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q18534",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.metaphor",
    "name": "metaphor",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "INF.KNW"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q18534/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.metaphor",
    "name": "metaphor",
    "purpose": "Let an agent recognise and explain metaphors, distinguish metaphor from simile, metonymy, analogy and parable, relay theories of metaphor with attribution, and support interpretation, writing and translation.",
    "definition": "A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another to suggest a likeness without using like or as, as in time is a thief; metaphor pervades everyday language and thought as well as literature, and is studied in rhetoric, linguistics, cognitive science and philosophy as a way of understanding one domain through another.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Understanding and expressing one thing in terms of another.",
    "affordances": [
      "identify metaphors in text",
      "explain how a metaphor works",
      "distinguish related figures",
      "relay theories with attribution"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Transfer of meaning between domains",
      "Implicit comparison",
      "Conventional and creative forms",
      "Cognitive as well as rhetorical"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible; words used in a transferred sense.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Direct identification of one thing with another",
      "Source and target domains",
      "Simile uses like or as; metonymy substitutes an associated thing; parable is a narrative"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "conventional and dead metaphors",
      "creative and extended metaphors",
      "conceptual metaphors such as argument is war",
      "spatial and orientational metaphors",
      "mixed metaphors",
      "political metaphors such as red line"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "figure of speech",
        "why": "a trope"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "simile",
        "why": "an explicit comparison"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "metonymy",
        "why": "a neighbouring trope"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is studied by",
        "target": "cognitive linguistics",
        "why": "conceptual metaphor theory"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No regulation; style guides advise on use"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Mixed and confusing metaphors",
      "Literal misreading of metaphors",
      "Metaphors that mislead in policy or science"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Identify and explain metaphors in a text.",
        "Suggest clearer wording where a metaphor confuses or mixes images."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Read a metaphor literally when reporting what a person said.",
        "Present a metaphor as established fact in science, medicine or policy.",
        "Use dehumanising metaphors, such as vermin or flood, to describe groups of people.",
        "Translate a metaphor word for word where its meaning is lost."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Choosing the framing metaphors of a public health or policy message."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Metaphors shape how people think about illness, migrants and conflict; some cause real harm."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "People described by metaphors",
        "Readers and listeners"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the concept; it belongs to the speakers of each language.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q18534: metaphor",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Metaphor",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "name": "Concept",
        "description": "What a metaphor is.",
        "rationale": "Definition.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is a metaphor, and how do source and target domains relate?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the figure a metaphor, a simile, a metonymy, an analogy or a parable?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "kinds",
            "name": "Kinds",
            "description": "Kinds.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "kinds-finding",
                "name": "Kinds",
                "description": "Kinds.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What kinds of metaphor exist, from dead to creative and conceptual?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the related figure?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "interpret",
        "name": "Interpret",
        "description": "Reading metaphors.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "analysis",
            "name": "Analysis",
            "description": "Analysing a metaphor.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "analysis-finding",
                "name": "Analysis",
                "description": "Analysis.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is a metaphor identified and analysed in a text?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What does the metaphor in question convey?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "effects",
            "name": "Effects",
            "description": "Effects.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "effects-finding",
                "name": "Effects",
                "description": "Effects.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do metaphors shape understanding and persuasion, with findings attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits rhetoric?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "theory",
        "name": "Theory",
        "description": "Theories of metaphor.",
        "rationale": "Attribution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "theories",
            "name": "Theories",
            "description": "Theories.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "theories-finding",
                "name": "Theories",
                "description": "Theories.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do rhetorical, cognitive and philosophical theories say about metaphor, with positions attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "research",
            "name": "Research",
            "description": "Research.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "research-finding",
                "name": "Research",
                "description": "Research.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is metaphor studied empirically in linguistics and psychology?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits cognitive linguistics?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "use",
        "name": "Use",
        "description": "Writing and translation.",
        "rationale": "Application.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "writing",
            "name": "Writing",
            "description": "Writing.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "writing-finding",
                "name": "Writing",
                "description": "Writing.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are metaphors used well in writing, and what do style guides warn against?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits style guides?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "translation",
            "name": "Translation",
            "description": "Translation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "translation-finding",
                "name": "Translation",
                "description": "Translation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are metaphors handled in translation across languages and cultures?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits translation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should conceptual metaphor be a separate entry?",
    "How should theories be linked?",
    "The registry entry has merged aliases for parables and a geological term; should they be split off?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}