{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T08:29:38Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 1,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T16:30:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T13:19:04+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:55+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q1860",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.english",
    "name": "English",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.1",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "INF.MED"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1860/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.english",
    "name": "English",
    "purpose": "Let an agent handle English by variety, register, usage, learning and plain-language practice, respecting varieties and learners.",
    "definition": "A West Germanic language originating in England, now a global lingua franca with many national varieties, spoken as a first or additional language by more than a billion people by most estimates.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Communication in daily life, science, business, diplomacy and culture.",
    "affordances": [
      "choose a variety and spelling convention",
      "write in plain English",
      "learn and teach English",
      "translate to and from English"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Global lingua franca",
      "Many national varieties",
      "Irregular spelling",
      "Large vocabulary from many sources"
    ],
    "appearance": "Written in the Latin alphabet; spoken with many accents.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Varieties such as British, American, Indian, Nigerian English",
      "Spelling differences such as -our and -or",
      "Plain English guidelines"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "speakers",
        "typical_range": "about 1.5 billion",
        "unit": "people",
        "note": "first and additional language together; the count depends on who is counted as a speaker, so treat it as an estimate, not a census figure"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "British and Irish English",
      "North American English",
      "Australian and New Zealand English",
      "South Asian and African Englishes",
      "English-based creoles (related)"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "West Germanic language",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is written in",
        "target": "Latin script",
        "why": "script"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is described by",
        "target": "dictionaries and style guides",
        "why": "references"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "Scots and Frisian",
        "why": "relatives"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "ISO 639-1",
        "value_or_pattern": "en",
        "note": "language code"
      },
      {
        "scheme": "BCP 47",
        "value_or_pattern": "en-GB, en-US and others",
        "note": "variety tags"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No single regulator; style guides and dictionaries",
      "Plain language laws in some countries"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Treating one variety as the only correct one",
      "Jargon and inaccessible writing",
      "Mistranslation of idioms"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Translate, teach and write in English, naming the variety used.",
        "Explain grammar, usage and differences between national varieties."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Treat speakers of other varieties or accents as less correct or less capable.",
        "Translate legal, medical or safety texts without flagging that a qualified translator should check them.",
        "Present English as required where people have a right to use another language."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Certifying a translation for official or legal use."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "The spread of English can push out other languages and disadvantage non-native speakers.",
        "Judging people by accent or variety is a common form of discrimination."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Non-native speakers",
        "Speakers of other languages",
        "Learners"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody: a language held in common by its speakers.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q1860: English",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: English language",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "variety",
        "name": "Variety",
        "description": "Which English.",
        "rationale": "Varieties differ.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "variety",
            "name": "Variety",
            "description": "Regional form.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "variety-finding",
                "name": "Variety",
                "description": "Variety.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which variety of English is expected?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which spelling convention follows from it?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "register",
            "name": "Register",
            "description": "Formal or informal.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "register-finding",
                "name": "Register",
                "description": "Register.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which register suits the audience?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is jargon avoided?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "usage",
        "name": "Usage",
        "description": "Correctness.",
        "rationale": "Usage guides help.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "grammar",
            "name": "Grammar",
            "description": "Rules.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "grammar-finding",
                "name": "Grammar",
                "description": "Grammar and usage.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do reputable usage guides say?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the rule prescriptive or descriptive?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "plain",
            "name": "Plain English",
            "description": "Clarity.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "plain-finding",
                "name": "Plain",
                "description": "Plain English.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can the text be made clearer?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is it readable for the intended audience?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learning",
        "name": "Learning",
        "description": "Learners.",
        "rationale": "Many people learn English.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "levels",
            "name": "Levels",
            "description": "CEFR.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "levels-finding",
                "name": "Levels",
                "description": "Proficiency levels.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What proficiency level is needed?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which test certifies it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "resources",
            "name": "Resources",
            "description": "Study.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "resources-finding",
                "name": "Resources",
                "description": "Learning resources.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which resources suit the learner?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Are they accessible?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "translation",
        "name": "Translation",
        "description": "Other languages.",
        "rationale": "Translation needs care.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "equivalents",
            "name": "Equivalents",
            "description": "Meaning.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "equivalents-finding",
                "name": "Equivalents",
                "description": "Translation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Does the translation keep the meaning and tone?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Are idioms handled?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "respect",
            "name": "Respect",
            "description": "Varieties and accents.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "respect-finding",
                "name": "Respect",
                "description": "Respect for varieties.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Are all varieties and accents treated with respect?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is native-speaker bias avoided?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should varieties be separate entries?",
    "How should language tags be linked?",
    "How should plain language guidance be linked?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}