{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T19:53:26Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude", "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:34:29+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:56+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1888", "registryId": "vr.tr.californium", "name": "californium", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1888/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.californium", "name": "californium", "purpose": "Let an agent explain californium at public reference level, relay discovery, isotopes, production and civilian uses from chemistry and nuclear agency sources, describe the isotopes the registry aliases name, route any radiation exposure concern to emergency and radiation protection authorities, and distinguish californium from other actinides and heavy metals.", "definition": "A synthetic radioactive actinide element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98, first produced in 1950 at the University of California, Berkeley, by bombarding curium-242 with alpha particles, with isotopes from californium-237 upward, of which californium-252 is a strong neutron emitter used in small quantities in neutron sources for reactor start-up, well logging, neutron radiography and cancer research; it is produced only in tiny amounts in specialised reactors and is highly radiotoxic. The model stays at public reference level.", "what_it_is_for": "Neutron sources in research and industry.", "affordances": [ "explain properties at reference level", "relay discovery and uses", "describe isotopes", "route radiation concerns" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Synthetic", "Strong neutron emitter", "Tiny production", "Highly radiotoxic" ], "appearance": "A silvery metal, handled only in shielded facilities in microgram to milligram amounts.", "visual_identification": [ "Element 98, actinide", "Californium-237, 238, 239, 240, 241 and 242 among other isotopes", "Curium is element 96; einsteinium is 99; heavy metals is a broader loose category" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "atomic number", "typical_range": "98", "unit": "number", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "discovered", "typical_range": "1950", "unit": "year", "note": "Berkeley" }, { "quantity": "californium-252 half-life", "typical_range": "about 2.645", "unit": "years", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "main producer", "typical_range": "High Flux Isotope Reactor, Oak Ridge", "unit": "note", "note": "among few" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "californium-249 and 251", "californium-252 neutron sources", "short-lived light isotopes such as 237 to 242" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "actinide", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is named after", "target": "California", "why": "and the University of California" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "neutron source", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "curium", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "symbol", "value_or_pattern": "Cf", "note": "" }, { "scheme": "CAS", "value_or_pattern": "7440-71-3", "note": "" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IAEA and national radiation protection and source security rules", "Radioactive material transport regulations" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Radiation exposure", "Source security concerns", "Requests beyond public reference level, which are out of scope" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain californium at public reference level, relaying its discovery, isotopes and civilian uses from nuclear science sources.", "Describe how neutron sources are licensed and secured in general terms.", "Distinguish californium from fictional or exaggerated claims about it." ], "must_not": [ "Help anyone obtain, handle or move californium outside licensed control.", "Provide production, handling or source-construction detail beyond public reference level.", "Advise touching or approaching an unknown radioactive source.", "Present californium as available for private purchase." ], "requires_human": [ "Responding to a found or lost radioactive source, which must be reported to the authorities." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Strong neutron sources can cause severe radiation injury if lost or misused.", "Source security protects the public from theft and misuse." ], "affected_parties": [ "Workers handling sources", "The public near lost sources", "Patients receiving radiation therapy" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The licensed holder of the source; nuclear regulators license and track it.", "master_systems": [ "National registers of sealed radioactive sources" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q1888: californium", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Californium", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What californium is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is californium, and how does it differ from curium, einsteinium and heavy metals generally?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is there a concern about a lost source or radiation exposure, in which case contact emergency services or radiation protection authorities?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "isotopes", "name": "Isotopes", "description": "Isotopes.", "findings": [ { "id": "isotopes-finding", "name": "Isotopes", "description": "Isotopes.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the isotopes from californium-237 to 242, and why is californium-252 important?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific isotope?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "science", "name": "Science", "description": "Chemistry and physics.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemistry", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "Chemistry.", "findings": [ { "id": "chemistry-finding", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "Chemistry.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are californium s chemical properties and oxidation states?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "discovery", "name": "Discovery", "description": "Discovery.", "findings": [ { "id": "discovery-finding", "name": "Discovery", "description": "Discovery.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Thompson, Street, Ghiorso and Seaborg discover californium?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "uses", "name": "Uses", "description": "Civilian uses.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "neutrons", "name": "Neutron sources", "description": "Neutron sources.", "findings": [ { "id": "neutrons-finding", "name": "Neutron sources", "description": "Neutron sources.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are californium-252 sources used in reactors, well logging and radiography?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits neutron radiography?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "security", "name": "Security", "description": "Source security.", "findings": [ { "id": "security-finding", "name": "Security", "description": "Security.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do regulators secure radioactive sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits IAEA Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Production.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "production", "name": "Production", "description": "Production.", "findings": [ { "id": "production-finding", "name": "Production", "description": "Production.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which reactors produce californium?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits High Flux Isotope Reactor?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "superheavy", "name": "Superheavy", "description": "Target material.", "findings": [ { "id": "superheavy-finding", "name": "Superheavy", "description": "Superheavy.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was californium used as a target to create oganesson?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits oganesson?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should isotopes be separate entries?", "How should nuclear agency sources be linked?", "How should production quantities be kept current?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }