{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T20:00:38Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 4,
    "engine": "claude"
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q1995444",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.mineral-processing",
    "name": "mineral processing",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.4",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.PRC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1995444/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.mineral-processing",
    "name": "mineral processing",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain mineral processing, relay unit operations, technologies and environmental and safety issues from mining engineering sources, describe the methods the registry aliases name, and distinguish mineral processing from mining itself, extractive metallurgy, refining and recycling.",
    "definition": "The industrial processes that separate valuable minerals from ore after mining, including comminution by crushing and grinding, sizing, concentration by gravity methods such as jigging, froth flotation, magnetic and electrostatic separation, and dewatering, together known as beneficiation, followed by extractive metallurgy such as copper extraction by smelting or leaching; biomining uses microorganisms to leach metals. Tailings from processing are stored in dams whose failures have caused disasters.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Concentrating valuable minerals from ore.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain unit operations",
      "relay technologies",
      "describe named methods",
      "relay environmental and safety issues"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Physical separation",
      "Energy intensive",
      "Produces tailings",
      "Precedes metallurgy"
    ],
    "appearance": "Plants with crushers, mills, flotation cells, thickeners and tailings ponds.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Separation of minerals from ore",
      "Beneficiation, jigging, copper extraction, biomining",
      "Mining extracts ore; extractive metallurgy recovers metals; refining purifies them; recycling recovers from scrap"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "froth flotation introduced industrially",
        "typical_range": "early 20th century",
        "unit": "note",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "comminution energy share",
        "typical_range": "a major share of mine site energy use",
        "unit": "note",
        "note": "often cited"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Brumadinho tailings dam failure",
        "typical_range": "2019",
        "unit": "year",
        "note": "Brazil"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "comminution",
      "classification and sizing",
      "gravity concentration including jigging",
      "froth flotation",
      "magnetic separation",
      "hydrometallurgy and biomining"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "industrial process",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is part of",
        "target": "mining industry",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "includes",
        "target": "froth flotation",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "produces",
        "target": "tailings",
        "why": ""
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management 2020",
      "Environmental permits and water discharge rules",
      "Mine safety regulations"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Tailings dam failures",
      "Water pollution and acid drainage",
      "Dust and chemical exposure for workers"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What mineral processing is.",
        "rationale": "Definition.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is mineral processing, and how does it differ from mining, extractive metallurgy, refining and recycling?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about technology, a specific mineral, the environment or safety?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "methods",
            "name": "Methods",
            "description": "Named methods.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "methods-finding",
                "name": "Methods",
                "description": "Methods.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are beneficiation, jigging, copper extraction and biomining?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific method?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "operations",
        "name": "Operations",
        "description": "Unit operations.",
        "rationale": "Sources.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "comminution",
            "name": "Comminution",
            "description": "Crushing and grinding.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "comminution-finding",
                "name": "Comminution",
                "description": "Comminution.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do crushers and mills liberate minerals?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "separation",
            "name": "Separation",
            "description": "Separation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "separation-finding",
                "name": "Separation",
                "description": "Separation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do flotation, gravity and magnetic separation work?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "environment",
        "name": "Environment",
        "description": "Environment and safety.",
        "rationale": "Regulation.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "tailings",
            "name": "Tailings",
            "description": "Tailings.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "tailings-finding",
                "name": "Tailings",
                "description": "Tailings.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are tailings stored, and what did the Brumadinho and Mariana failures show?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "water",
            "name": "Water",
            "description": "Water and chemicals.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "water-finding",
                "name": "Water",
                "description": "Water.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are water use and reagents such as cyanide regulated?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits acid mine drainage?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "Innovation and history.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "biomining",
            "name": "Biomining",
            "description": "Biomining.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "biomining-finding",
                "name": "Biomining",
                "description": "Biomining.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do microbes leach copper and gold?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits bioleaching?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did Agricola s De re metallica describe early ore processing?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits De re metallica?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should copper extraction be moved to extractive metallurgy?",
    "How should mining engineering sources be linked?",
    "Should biomining be a separate entry?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}