{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T03:18:30Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:08:33+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "revisions": [
      {
        "at": "2026-10-06T22:42:20+00:00",
        "engine": "codex",
        "fields": [
          "definition"
        ],
        "answering_review": "f3b13e4a45e006559826f369fbfa980498ef32b19082dc83c754a1b520199257"
      }
    ],
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:28+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q205880",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.circulation",
    "name": "circulation",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QTY"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q205880/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.circulation",
    "name": "circulation",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain circulation as a fluid dynamics quantity, relay its definition, theorems and role in aerodynamics from physics references, and distinguish it from the other senses of circulation.",
    "definition": "In fluid dynamics, the line integral of the velocity field around a closed curve, a scalar quantity that measures the macroscopic rotation of a fluid around that curve, related to vorticity by Stokes theorem, conserved by Kelvin circulation theorem for a closed material curve moving with an inviscid barotropic fluid under conservative body forces, and central to the theory of lift on wings through the Kutta-Joukowski theorem; the word circulation also names blood circulation, atmospheric and ocean circulation, newspaper circulation and library circulation, which are separate concepts.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a physical quantity.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain the definition",
      "relay theorems",
      "describe role in lift",
      "distinguish other senses"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Line integral definition",
      "Vorticity link",
      "Kelvin conservation",
      "Lift theorem"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not a visible object; a quantity computed around a curve.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Line integral of velocity around a closed curve",
      "Circulation in fluid dynamics, related to vorticity and lift",
      "Blood, atmospheric, ocean, newspaper and library circulation are different concepts"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "SI unit",
        "typical_range": "m^2/s",
        "unit": "unit",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "lift per unit span",
        "typical_range": "rho V Gamma",
        "unit": "formula",
        "note": "Kutta-Joukowski"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "circulation around an airfoil",
      "circulation in vortices",
      "circulation in meteorology and oceanography as a fluid quantity",
      "homonyms: blood circulation, atmospheric circulation, newspaper circulation, library circulation"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "circulation",
        "why": "in registry terms, the general concept"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "vorticity",
        "why": "by Stokes theorem"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is conserved by",
        "target": "Kelvin circulation theorem",
        "why": "in ideal flow"
      },
      {
        "relation": "determines",
        "target": "lift",
        "why": "through the Kutta-Joukowski theorem"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No regulation; standard fluid dynamics definitions"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Confusing with other senses of circulation",
      "Sign convention errors",
      "Applying conservation where viscosity matters"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Compute and explain circulation of a velocity field around a closed curve.",
        "Use circulation in aerodynamic or fluid analysis it is authorized to perform."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Confuse circulation in fluid dynamics with blood or traffic circulation.",
        "Present simulated circulation or lift values as tested results.",
        "Hide errors in lift calculations used for aircraft or structure safety."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Approving designs whose safety depends on circulation and lift calculations."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Aerodynamic calculations underpin aircraft and bridges whose failure kills people.",
        "Teaching material should be accurate because students rely on it."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Engineers and students",
        "Users of designed aircraft and structures"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the concept; it is held in common.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q205880: circulation",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205880",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Circulation (physics)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_%28physics%29",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What circulation is.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is circulation defined as a line integral, and how does it relate to vorticity?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about fluid circulation or blood, atmospheric, newspaper or library circulation?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "theorems",
            "name": "Theorems",
            "description": "Theorems.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "theorems-finding",
                "name": "Theorems",
                "description": "Theorems.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do Stokes theorem and Kelvin circulation theorem say about circulation?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific theorem?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "apply",
        "name": "Apply",
        "description": "Applications.",
        "rationale": "Application.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "lift",
            "name": "Lift",
            "description": "Aerodynamic lift.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "lift-finding",
                "name": "Lift",
                "description": "Lift.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does circulation around an airfoil produce lift through the Kutta-Joukowski theorem?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "vortices",
            "name": "Vortices",
            "description": "Vortices and geophysics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "vortices-finding",
                "name": "Vortices",
                "description": "Vortices.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is circulation used to describe vortices, tornadoes and ocean eddies?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits vortex?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "compute",
        "name": "Compute",
        "description": "Computation.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "methods",
            "name": "Methods",
            "description": "Computing circulation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "methods-finding",
                "name": "Methods",
                "description": "Methods.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is circulation computed analytically and in computational fluid dynamics?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "measurement",
            "name": "Measurement",
            "description": "Measurement.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "measurement-finding",
                "name": "Measurement",
                "description": "Measurement.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is circulation measured experimentally, for example with particle image velocimetry?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits particle image velocimetry?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "History and homonyms.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did Kelvin, Helmholtz, Kutta and Joukowski develop circulation theory?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the history of aerodynamics?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "homonyms",
            "name": "Homonyms",
            "description": "Other senses.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "homonyms-finding",
                "name": "Homonyms",
                "description": "Homonyms.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are blood, atmospheric, ocean, newspaper and library circulation, and where are they covered?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific sense?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should the homonyms be separate entries?",
    "How should physics references be linked?",
    "How should meteorological usage be recorded?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}