{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T20:39:27Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 4,
    "engine": "claude"
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q2197000",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.exhalation",
    "name": "exhalation",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.4",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.PRC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2197000/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.exhalation",
    "name": "exhalation",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain exhalation, relay respiratory physiology, measurements and clinical relevance from physiology and respiratory medicine sources, describe both senses of exsufflation, route breathing emergencies to emergency services, and distinguish exhalation from inhalation, coughing, expiration in other senses and exhaled breath testing.",
    "definition": "The phase of breathing in which air is expelled from the lungs, usually passive at rest through elastic recoil of the lungs and relaxation of the diaphragm, and active during exercise or forced breathing using the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles, releasing carbon dioxide and water vapour; the registry alias exsufflation refers both to mechanical insufflation-exsufflation, a cough-assist therapy for people with weak respiratory muscles, and to a historical exorcism rite of breathing out on a person. Difficulty breathing, blue lips or inability to speak in sentences needs emergency care.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Removing carbon dioxide from the body.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain physiology",
      "relay measurements such as spirometry",
      "describe the senses of exsufflation",
      "route breathing emergencies"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Passive at rest",
      "Active when forced",
      "CO2 removal",
      "Measured in lung function tests"
    ],
    "appearance": "Visible as chest and abdomen falling, or breath fogging in cold air.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Breathing out",
      "Exhalation, expiration, exsufflation",
      "Inhalation draws air in; coughing is a forceful reflex; expiration also means ending; breath tests analyse exhaled air"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "exhaled CO2",
        "typical_range": "about 4-5",
        "unit": "percent",
        "note": "approximate"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "resting tidal volume",
        "typical_range": "about 500",
        "unit": "mL",
        "note": "adult approximate"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "FEV1",
        "typical_range": "forced expiratory volume in one second",
        "unit": "note",
        "note": "spirometry"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "passive exhalation",
      "forced exhalation",
      "assisted exsufflation",
      "breath-holding and controlled breathing",
      "exhaled breath analysis"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "expulsion",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is part of",
        "target": "breathing",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "is measured by",
        "target": "spirometry",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "is contrasted with",
        "target": "inhalation",
        "why": ""
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "ATS/ERS spirometry standards",
      "Breath alcohol testing laws"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Missing breathing emergencies",
      "Confusing medical and ritual exsufflation",
      "Overinterpreting home breath devices"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What exhalation is.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is exhalation, and how does it differ from inhalation, coughing and breath testing?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is someone struggling to breathe, turning blue or unable to speak, in which case call emergency services now?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "exsufflation",
            "name": "Exsufflation",
            "description": "Exsufflation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "exsufflation-finding",
                "name": "Exsufflation",
                "description": "Exsufflation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are mechanical exsufflation for cough assist and the historical rite of exsufflation?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits mechanical insufflation-exsufflation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "physiology",
        "name": "Physiology",
        "description": "Physiology.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "mechanics",
            "name": "Mechanics",
            "description": "Mechanics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "mechanics-finding",
                "name": "Mechanics",
                "description": "Mechanics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do elastic recoil and muscles drive exhalation?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "gas",
            "name": "Gas exchange",
            "description": "Gas exchange.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "gas-finding",
                "name": "Gas exchange",
                "description": "Gas exchange.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is carbon dioxide removed from blood and exhaled?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "clinical",
        "name": "Clinical",
        "description": "Clinical relevance.",
        "rationale": "Regulation.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "spirometry",
            "name": "Spirometry",
            "description": "Spirometry.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "spirometry-finding",
                "name": "Spirometry",
                "description": "Spirometry.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does spirometry measure exhalation to diagnose asthma and COPD?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits spirometry?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "cough",
            "name": "Cough assist",
            "description": "Cough assist.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "cough-finding",
                "name": "Cough assist",
                "description": "Cough assist.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Who uses cough assist devices, such as people with neuromuscular disease?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits neuromuscular disease?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "Uses and culture.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "breath",
            "name": "Breath tests",
            "description": "Breath tests.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "breath-finding",
                "name": "Breath tests",
                "description": "Breath tests.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are exhaled breath tests used for alcohol and disease detection?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits breathalyzer?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "practice",
            "name": "Breathing practice",
            "description": "Breathing practices.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "practice-finding",
                "name": "Breathing practice",
                "description": "Breathing practice.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do singing, yoga and relaxation techniques use controlled exhalation, with evidence attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits pranayama?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should mechanical insufflation-exsufflation be a separate entry?",
    "How should respiratory physiology sources be linked?",
    "Should the ritual sense of exsufflation be disambiguated?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}