{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-10-21T20:57:11Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "researched by Claude against the sources listed below",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 5,
    "engine": "claude",
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-21T21:12:02+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "5 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q227997",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.colocasia-esculenta",
    "name": "Colocasia esculenta",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.5",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.LIV"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q227997/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.colocasia-esculenta",
    "name": "Colocasia esculenta",
    "purpose": "Let an agent describe taro as a crop and food, its cultivation and food safety, and point to botanical and agricultural sources.",
    "definition": "Taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, a herbaceous perennial of the arum family (Araceae) grown for its starchy corms and cormels (modified stems) and edible leaves and leaf stalks; raw parts are acrid because of calcium oxalate and need appropriate preparation and thorough cooking.",
    "what_it_is_for": "A staple root crop in the tropics and Pacific; leaves and stems are also eaten.",
    "affordances": [
      "describe the plant and cultivars",
      "explain safe preparation in general terms",
      "describe cultivation and diseases",
      "give nutrition data from databases"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Leaves are peltate: the stalk joins the leaf blade away from the edge, unlike many Xanthosoma (tannia).",
      "Raw corms and leaves irritate the mouth because of calcium oxalate.",
      "Grown in flooded (paddy) or upland conditions."
    ],
    "appearance": "A herbaceous plant with large heart-shaped leaves on long stalks and underground corms.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Large peltate, heart-shaped leaves",
      "Brown, hairy corms with white to purple flesh"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "plant height",
        "typical_range": "about 1-2",
        "unit": "m",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "leaf length",
        "typical_range": "up to about 60",
        "unit": "cm",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "dasheen types (large central corm)",
      "eddoe types (many small cormels)",
      "Japanese taro (satoimo), with many cultivars"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "Colocasia",
        "why": "genus"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "Xanthosoma",
        "why": "tannia, related aroid"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is used as",
        "target": "root vegetable",
        "why": "food"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is affected by",
        "target": "taro leaf blight",
        "why": "disease"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy",
        "value_or_pattern": "4460",
        "note": "Colocasia esculenta"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Plant health rules on imports of taro corms, by jurisdiction",
      "Food safety guidance on preparation of taro"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Mouth and throat irritation from raw taro",
      "Taro leaf blight (Phytophthora colocasiae)",
      "Invasiveness in some wetlands"
    ],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "describe the plant, cultivation and safe preparation"
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "advise eating raw taro"
      ],
      "requires_human": []
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "food security",
        "invasive species"
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "farmers",
        "consumers"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "nobody; a plant species",
      "master_systems": [
        "GBIF",
        "Plants of the World Online"
      ]
    },
    "facets_not_applicable": {},
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "SRC-001",
      "title": "Q227997",
      "publisher": "Wikidata",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227997",
      "what_it_supports": "identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-002",
      "title": "Taro",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the subject",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-003",
      "title": "Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott",
      "publisher": "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew",
      "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A1170772-2/general-information",
      "what_it_supports": "Accepted name, authority, family, perennial habit, morphology, range and edible petioles.",
      "url_status": "blocked"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-004",
      "title": "Taxonomy Browser: Colocasia esculenta",
      "publisher": "NCBI",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=4460&log_op=modifier_toggle&lvl=3&mod=1&mode=Info",
      "what_it_supports": "Taxonomy identifier 4460, botanical authority and family.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-005",
      "title": "Taro: Postharvest Quality-Maintenance Guidelines",
      "publisher": "University of Hawaii at Manoa",
      "url": "https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/VC-5.pdf",
      "what_it_supports": "Starchy corms, edible leaves and petioles, acridity and preparation requirements.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-006",
      "title": "Pacific Food Guide: Taro",
      "publisher": "University of Hawaii at Manoa",
      "url": "https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ctahr/pacificfoodguide/index.php/grown-from-the-ground/taro/",
      "what_it_supports": "Raw-taro hazards and possible persistence of acridity after cooking.",
      "url_status": "blocked"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-007",
      "title": "Taro, Satoimo, corm, raw",
      "publisher": "Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology",
      "url": "https://fooddb.mext.go.jp/details/details.pl?ITEM_NO=2_02010_7",
      "what_it_supports": "Satoimo as a food/common name for Colocasia esculenta, rather than one cultivar.",
      "url_status": "live"
    },
    {
      "id": "SRC-008",
      "title": "Colocasia esculenta - Wild taro",
      "publisher": "University of Florida IFAS",
      "url": "",
      "what_it_supports": "Peltate leaves, approximate dimensions, corms, vegetative spread and wetland invasiveness.",
      "url_status": "dead"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "taxon",
        "name": "Taxon",
        "description": "Which plant.",
        "rationale": "Identity first.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "species",
            "name": "Species",
            "description": "Name and authority.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "taxon",
                "name": "Taxon",
                "description": "Name and source.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which name and authority are accepted?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "By which database?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "cultivar",
            "name": "Cultivar",
            "description": "Type.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "cultivar",
                "name": "Cultivar",
                "description": "Name and type.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which cultivar or type is it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Dasheen or eddoe?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "cultivation",
        "name": "Cultivation",
        "description": "Growing.",
        "rationale": "Conditions matter.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "conditions",
            "name": "Conditions",
            "description": "Wet or upland.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "conditions",
                "name": "Conditions",
                "description": "Water and climate.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is it grown flooded or upland?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which climate?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "diseases",
            "name": "Diseases",
            "description": "Leaf blight and others.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "disease",
                "name": "Disease",
                "description": "Name and control.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which diseases affect it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which controls are used?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "food",
        "name": "Food",
        "description": "Preparation and nutrition.",
        "rationale": "Preparation is essential.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "preparation",
            "name": "Preparation",
            "description": "Cooking.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "preparation",
                "name": "Preparation",
                "description": "Preparation that removes acridity: thorough cooking, discarding cooking water, per food safety sources; leaves and petioles also need cooking.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How must it be prepared to be safe?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which parts are eaten?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "nutrition",
            "name": "Nutrition",
            "description": "Composition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "nutrition-data",
                "name": "Nutrition data",
                "description": "Values and source.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is its nutrient content?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "From which database?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "ecology",
        "name": "Ecology",
        "description": "Range and invasiveness.",
        "rationale": "Taro can spread.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "range",
            "name": "Range",
            "description": "Native and introduced.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "range",
                "name": "Range",
                "description": "Areas.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Where is it native and introduced?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Since when?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "invasiveness",
            "name": "Invasiveness",
            "description": "Status.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "invasive-status",
                "name": "Invasive status",
                "description": "Region and listing.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is it listed as invasive here?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "By which authority?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}