{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T22:29:46Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude", "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T11:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:42:02+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-06T22:45:19+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "definition", "visual_identification" ], "answering_review": "46a5716dfd624de86bb9df6fac83d8e5ce69171b3c19a9ebce08de31d898e852" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q249556", "registryId": "vr.tr.railway-company", "name": "railway company", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "SOC.ORG" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q249556/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.railway-company", "name": "railway company", "purpose": "Let an agent explain railway companies, relay business models, EU separation of infrastructure and operations, ownership types and regulation from transport regulator and railway history sources, describe the named types and flag company instances, and distinguish railway companies from transit authorities, rolling stock manufacturers, freight forwarders and railway lines.", "definition": "An entity that operates railway tracks, trains or both, including railway undertakings that run trains and infrastructure managers that operate railway infrastructure, and which may be state-owned, private or a concession holder; ownership of infrastructure or leasing rolling stock alone does not qualify an entity in this sense. Railway companies are regulated for safety and access by national safety authorities and regulators.", "what_it_is_for": "Operating and managing railways.", "affordances": [ "explain business models", "relay separation and regulation", "describe named types", "flag company instances" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Infrastructure or operations", "State or private ownership", "Heavy regulation", "Long history" ], "appearance": "Not a single appearance; seen in branded trains, stations and infrastructure.", "visual_identification": [ "The entity operates railway tracks, trains or both.", "Examples include private railway operators, railway undertakings and infrastructure managers that operate tracks.", "Infrastructure owners and rolling stock lessors qualify only if they also operate tracks or trains.", "Transit authorities plan public transport, manufacturers build trains, freight forwarders arrange shipping, and railway lines are physical routes." ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "EU First Railway Directive", "typical_range": "91/440/EEC", "unit": "directive", "note": "1991, separation of accounts" }, { "quantity": "EU Fourth Railway Package", "typical_range": "2016", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "first public steam railway company", "typical_range": "Stockton and Darlington Railway, 1825", "unit": "note", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "railway undertakings", "infrastructure managers", "rolling stock companies", "private railways such as Japanese private railways", "forestry and industrial railways" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "transport company", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "infrastructure manager", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is regulated by", "target": "European Union Agency for Railways", "why": "in the EU" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "transit authority", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "EU railway packages and Directive 2012/34/EU", "National railway safety authorities", "COTIF international rail transport convention" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Treating instances as kinds", "Stale ownership information", "Partisan framing of privatisation debates" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain railway operators, including railway undertakings and infrastructure managers that operate tracks, and distinguish them from ownership-only entities and rolling stock lessors.", "Report a specific company's role and ownership from official registers, with the date." ], "must_not": [ "Treat one railway company as the general kind.", "Present outdated ownership or licensing information as current.", "Frame privatisation or nationalisation debates in a partisan way without attribution.", "Interfere with railway operations, signalling or ticketing systems it is not authorized to use." ], "requires_human": [ "Any instruction that affects train running or safety on a network requires human involvement." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Railways move many people at once, so safety culture affects many lives.", "Rail access and fares shape who can travel and work where." ], "affected_parties": [ "Passengers", "Railway workers", "Communities along the lines" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The company's owners and board; the national safety authority licenses its operation.", "master_systems": [ "National railway licensing and safety registers" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q249556: railway company", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249556", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Rail transport company", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_company", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a railway company is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a railway company, and how does it differ from transit authorities, manufacturers, freight forwarders and railway lines?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about a specific company, travel, regulation or history?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Named types.", "findings": [ { "id": "types-finding", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are private railways, infrastructure owners, rolling stock holders and railway undertakings, and why are Caile Ferate Forestiere and the North Western of Uruguay Railway instances?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific type?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "models", "name": "Models", "description": "Business models.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "separation", "name": "Separation", "description": "Vertical separation.", "findings": [ { "id": "separation-finding", "name": "Separation", "description": "Separation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why did the EU separate infrastructure from train operations?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ownership", "name": "Ownership", "description": "Ownership.", "findings": [ { "id": "ownership-finding", "name": "Ownership", "description": "Ownership.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do state, private and concession models differ?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "debates", "name": "Debates", "description": "Privatisation debates.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "privatisation", "name": "Privatisation", "description": "Privatisation.", "findings": [ { "id": "privatisation-finding", "name": "Privatisation", "description": "Privatisation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do studies and stakeholders argue about British and other rail privatisations, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "japan", "name": "Japan", "description": "Japanese private railways.", "findings": [ { "id": "japan-finding", "name": "Japan", "description": "Japan.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do Japanese private railways combine rail and property businesses?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits private railways in Japan?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "Railway companies history.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did railway companies form and merge in the 19th century?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Railway Mania?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "forestry", "name": "Forestry railways", "description": "Forestry railways.", "findings": [ { "id": "forestry-finding", "name": "Forestry railways", "description": "Forestry railways.", "questions": [ { "text": "What were Romanian forestry railways, such as the Vaser Valley line?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Vaser Valley Railway?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "The registry aliases Caile Ferate Forestiere and North Western of Uruguay Railway should be split off as instances", "How should regulator sources be linked by country?", "Should rolling stock company be a separate entry?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }