{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T20:42:23Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:00:19+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:57+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q25358",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.electrical-resistance",
    "name": "electrical resistance",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QLT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q25358/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.electrical-resistance",
    "name": "electrical resistance",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain electrical resistance, its units, laws and measurement, distinguish resistance from resistivity, impedance and conductance, and support calculation and teaching.",
    "definition": "The opposition a material or component offers to the flow of electric current, defined as voltage divided by current and measured in ohms; resistance depends on material, dimensions and temperature, and the related quantity impedance extends the idea to alternating current by including reactance, while resistivity describes the material independent of shape.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Not for anything; a property that governs current flow and is exploited in resistors and heaters.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain resistance and Ohm law",
      "distinguish resistance, resistivity, impedance and conductance",
      "calculate resistance for circuits and conductors",
      "relay measurement methods"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Ratio of voltage to current",
      "Ohmic and non-ohmic behaviour",
      "Temperature dependence",
      "Scalar, unlike complex impedance"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible; measured with an ohmmeter and marked on resistors by colour bands or codes.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Voltage over current, in ohms",
      "Depends on material, geometry and temperature",
      "Impedance includes reactance; resistivity is per material"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "unit",
        "typical_range": "ohm",
        "unit": "V per A",
        "note": "SI derived unit"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "copper resistivity",
        "typical_range": "about 1.7 times 10 to the minus 8",
        "unit": "ohm metre",
        "note": "at 20 degrees C"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "temperature coefficient of copper",
        "typical_range": "about 0.004",
        "unit": "per degree C",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "resistance of conductors and components",
      "resistivity of materials",
      "sheet resistance of thin films",
      "contact resistance",
      "impedance and characteristic impedance in AC circuits",
      "biological resistances such as transepithelial resistance"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "physical quantity",
        "why": "a scalar quantity"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is measured in",
        "target": "ohm",
        "why": "the SI unit"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is defined by",
        "target": "Ohm law",
        "why": "voltage over current"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is generalised by",
        "target": "electrical impedance",
        "why": "for alternating current"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "SI unit symbol",
        "value_or_pattern": "ohm",
        "note": "omega symbol"
      },
      {
        "scheme": "quantity symbol",
        "value_or_pattern": "R",
        "note": "ISO 80000-6"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "SI Brochure from BIPM",
      "ISO 80000-6 electromagnetic quantities",
      "IEC standards for resistors and measurement"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Overheating from high resistance in connections",
      "Confusing resistance with impedance or resistivity",
      "Measurement errors from lead and contact resistance"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Measure resistance on circuits that are isolated and that the agent is authorized to test.",
        "Explain resistance, resistivity and impedance and how they differ."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Measure or work on live circuits outside the safety procedures that apply.",
        "Ignore high-resistance connections that are heating up.",
        "Confuse resistance with impedance or resistivity in a calculation or report.",
        "Report a measurement without its temperature and instrument conditions where they matter."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Re-energising a circuit after a fault found by resistance testing."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Faulty connections with high resistance start electrical fires in homes."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Occupants of buildings",
        "Electricians and technicians"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the quantity; the owner of an installation answers for its condition.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q25358: electrical resistance",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25358",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Electrical resistance",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "concept",
        "name": "Concept",
        "description": "What resistance is.",
        "rationale": "Definition.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition and law.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is electrical resistance, and what does Ohm law state and not state?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about resistance, resistivity, impedance or conductance?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "factors",
            "name": "Factors",
            "description": "What determines it.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "factors-finding",
                "name": "Factors",
                "description": "Factors.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do material, length, cross-section and temperature determine resistance?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits resistivity?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "calculate",
        "name": "Calculate",
        "description": "Circuits and calculation.",
        "rationale": "Computation.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "circuits",
            "name": "Circuits",
            "description": "Series and parallel.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "circuits-finding",
                "name": "Circuits",
                "description": "Circuits.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are resistances combined in series and parallel, and how is a circuit solved?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What is the result for the circuit in question?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "power",
            "name": "Power",
            "description": "Power and heating.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "power-finding",
                "name": "Power",
                "description": "Power.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does resistance relate to power dissipation and heating?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits Joule heating?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "measure",
        "name": "Measure",
        "description": "Measurement.",
        "rationale": "Measurement.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "methods",
            "name": "Methods",
            "description": "Methods.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "methods-finding",
                "name": "Methods",
                "description": "Methods.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is resistance measured, from ohmmeters to four-terminal sensing?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What accuracy and sources of error apply?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "components",
            "name": "Components",
            "description": "Resistors.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "components-finding",
                "name": "Components",
                "description": "Components.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are resistors specified and marked?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits resistors?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "Physics and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Study.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "physics",
            "name": "Physics",
            "description": "Microscopic origin.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "physics-finding",
                "name": "Physics",
                "description": "Physics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the microscopic origin of resistance, and what are superconductivity and non-ohmic behaviour?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits superconductivity?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is resistance taught, and which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should impedance be a separate entry?",
    "How should material data be linked?",
    "The registry entry has merged aliases for impedance and biological resistances; should they be split off?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}