{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T13:24:04Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01126454, "turns": 1, "seconds": 189.9, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 109.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c05-0bbb-7e13-b35a-6c36ed750ec5\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Cichorium intybus\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cichorium-intybus\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entr" } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T12:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:05:23+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "failure_modes_and_hazards", "owners", "visual_identification" ] }, "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q2544599", "registryId": "vr.tr.cichorium-intybus", "name": "Cichorium intybus", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2544599/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cichorium-intybus", "name": "Cichorium intybus", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Cichorium intybus, assess its development and condition, and determine appropriate cultivation, harvest, propagation or containment actions.", "definition": "Cichorium intybus L. is a latex-bearing perennial herb of Asteraceae, native to the western Palearctic and now widely naturalized, with a deep taproot, runcinate basal leaves and usually sky-blue ligulate capitula, treated as one botanical species from which distinct root, forcing (witloof), heading-leaf, cutting-leaf and forage crop types have been selected.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the biological identity, observable state and action prerequisites of Cichorium intybus under registry entry vr.tr.cichorium-intybus in PHY / PHY.LIV, including wild and cultivated forms without creating separate registry identities for them.", "in_scope": [ "Species identification and evidence distinguishing chicory from related species and similar rosettes", "Cultivar provenance and intended leaf, root, forcing, forage or ornamental use", "Rosette, crown, taproot, flowering stem and reproductive development", "Plant condition and responses to growing conditions, cutting and forcing", "Harvest readiness, propagation potential and local establishment" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Other Cichorium species and their identification models", "Farm, field, soil and habitat models beyond their relationships to the plant", "Processed chicory foods, roasted root beverages and extracted inulin products", "Human clinical effects, therapeutic claims and medicinal dosing", "Livestock nutrition plans and whole-pasture management", "Seed commerce, certification systems and cultivar intellectual property" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "On flowering material, check for heads clustered directly in leaf axils along branched stems; a blue flower alone is insufficient identification. This head arrangement is described by [Kew](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A194533-1/general-information).", "Against Cichorium endivia, examine mature fruit under magnification: the NSW key distinguishes minute pappus scales in C. intybus from scales approximately 1 mm long in C. endivia. [PlantNET key](https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?lvl=gn&name=Cichorium&page=nswfl)", "Against Cichorium endivia, compare basal leaf margins: the NSW key describes C. intybus margins as toothed rather than dissected and curled; use this alongside reproductive characters rather than as a sole cultivar-independent test. [PlantNET key](https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?lvl=gn&name=Cichorium&page=nswfl)", "For dandelion-like rosettes or lettuce-like heads, require additional reproductive evidence or traceable planting provenance; chicory can have both appearances, and forcing can produce pale chicons. [RHS chicory guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/vegetables/chicory/grow-your-own)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification evidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unresolved; provisional; supported; conflicting, with observations and identification reference", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether species-dependent actions are justified." }, { "name": "Cultivar and planting provenance", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Link to cultivar designation, seed lot, supplier or parent plant; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of cultivated forms whose appearance differs from flowering wild chicory." }, { "name": "Intended use", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "leaf harvest; root harvest; forcing; forage; ornamental; seed production; unmanaged; unknown", "why_it_matters": "The same developmental state can favour one objective and undermine another." }, { "name": "Developmental state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "seed; seedling; rosette; heading; stem elongation; flowering; fruiting; dormant crown; forced regrowth; dead; uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Controls which observations and interventions are meaningful." }, { "name": "Crown diameter", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm, with measurement position and date", "why_it_matters": "Provides evidence for root selection and forcing readiness without imposing a universal threshold." }, { "name": "Taproot condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "intact; forked; cut; damaged; visibly decaying; unexamined", "why_it_matters": "Informs lifting, root harvest and retention for regrowth." }, { "name": "Leaf or chicon development", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "height and width in cm; fresh mass in g when harvested", "why_it_matters": "Allows readiness to be judged against the selected crop objective." }, { "name": "Light exclusion history", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "none; self-shaded head; covered standing plant; forced lifted root; unknown, with dates", "why_it_matters": "Helps interpret pale growth and evaluate a forcing operation." }, { "name": "Organ-specific damage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "affected leaf area in percent; affected crowns or roots as counts, with symptoms and method", "why_it_matters": "Separates observable injury from an unconfirmed pest or disease diagnosis." }, { "name": "Reproductive output", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "flowering heads per plant; mature fruit count or estimate; germination percent with test conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports seed collection and assessment of potential spread." }, { "name": "Growing-site relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked location, substrate observations, management history and regional status evidence", "why_it_matters": "Connects plant decisions to local conditions without treating regional suitability as universal." } ], "affordances": [ "Document diagnostic organs and seek expert determination when species identity remains unresolved", "Sow or transplant identified material and track establishment against its intended use", "Adjust watering, spacing or protection in response to recorded plant and site conditions", "Select suitable roots for a documented forcing procedure and monitor resulting chicons", "Harvest selected leaves, heads or roots when identity, condition and intended-use requirements are satisfied", "Retain plants for seed or pollinator use, or manage reproduction and regrowth where spread is unwanted" ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Identify chicory by its blue flowers and leaf form.", "Explain its uses as a salad crop, coffee substitute and forage." ], "must_not": [ "Recommend chicory as a medicine without clinical evidence.", "Advise eating wild plants without confirming identification.", "Collect plants from protected land without permission.", "Ignore chicory's latex as a possible allergen for sensitive people." ], "requires_human": [ "Using chicory in feed or diets for animals or people with medical conditions." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Wild food foraging needs accurate identification to keep people safe.", "Health claims about herbs can mislead patients." ], "affected_parties": [ "Foragers and eaters", "Farmers", "People with allergies" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "Wild plants: the landowner or the public; cultivated crops: the grower.", "master_systems": [] }, "visual_identification": [ "Bright sky-blue flowers with square-tipped petals along stiff branching stems.", "Toothed basal leaves resembling dandelion, with milky sap." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Allergic reactions in people sensitive to the daisy family.", "Confusion with other wild plants when foraging." ], "what_it_is_for": [ "This species occurs in roadsides, grasslands and disturbed ground and is cultivated in several distinct crop forms.", "Selected forms provide salad leaves, forced shoots, roots for roasting or inulin extraction, and livestock forage.", "Agents encounter it in botanical surveys, crop management, food supply chains and assessments of naturalized vegetation." ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, governs the scientific naming of this species." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "linnaeus-1753", "title": "Species Plantarum, vol. 2 (protologue of Cichorium intybus)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Original Linnaean name, rank as a species, and the nomenclatural starting point used by later floras and databases." }, { "id": "powo-cichorium-intybus", "title": "Cichorium intybus L. - Plants of the World Online", "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:191003-1", "what_it_supports": "Accepted scientific name, family placement, native versus introduced range, and the IPNI identifier for the species.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "usda-plants-ciin", "title": "Cichorium intybus L. (common chicory) - USDA NRCS PLANTS Database", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "North American naturalization, the PLANTS symbol CIIN, and treatment as a widespread introduced perennial." }, { "id": "unece-ffv-38", "title": "UNECE Standard FFV-38 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of witloof chicory", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "That forced witloof heads are a named commercial product of this species, with grade and presentation rules used in international trade." }, { "id": "eu-2002-55-ec", "title": "Council Directive 2002/55/EC on the marketing of vegetable seed", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "EU listing of chicory as a vegetable-seed species and therefore as a regulated crop, distinct from fodder-seed rules for industrial/forage types." }, { "id": "li-kemp-2005", "title": "Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): a review of its agronomy and animal production (Advances in Agronomy 88: 187-222)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Pasture use, typical sowing rates, mineral and anthelmintic reputation of forage cultivars, and agronomic ranges used in the measurements field." }, { "id": "street-2013", "title": "Cichorium intybus: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/579319", "what_it_supports": "Root and leaf uses as a bitter digestive, sesquiterpene lactones as the bitterness and dermatitis agents, and inulin as the principal root polysaccharide.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q2544599: Cichorium intybus", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2544599", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Chicory", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "chicory-identity", "name": "Chicory identity", "description": "Evidence that an observed plant belongs to Cichorium intybus and how its cultivated form affects recognition.", "rationale": "Common names, rosette resemblance and crop selection can conceal species boundaries.", "layers": [ { "id": "species-determination", "name": "Species determination", "description": "Resolve identity through diagnostic organs and an applicable botanical key.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-evidence", "name": "Diagnostic evidence", "description": "Record the observed character combination, alternatives considered and limits imposed by missing organs.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which leaf, head, involucral-bract and mature-fruit observations support Cichorium intybus under the chosen regional key?", "kind": "definition", "id": "diagnostic-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence excludes Cichorium endivia and local rosette lookalikes, and what identification remains possible without flowers or fruit?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "diagnostic-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cultivated-form", "name": "Cultivated form", "description": "Record crop identity within the species without turning market names into separate taxa.", "findings": [ { "id": "cultivar-and-use-evidence", "name": "Cultivar and use evidence", "description": "Separate documented cultivar identity, observed morphology and the grower's intended use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which seed-lot, supplier or parent-plant record supports the cultivar and species assignment?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cultivar-and-use-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does a label such as chicory, radicchio, witloof or endive identify a documented form here, or merely a local market name?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cultivar-and-use-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "rosette-root-and-reproduction", "name": "Rosette, root and reproduction", "description": "Track organ development and reproductive transitions relevant to retaining, harvesting or propagating chicory.", "rationale": "A leaf crop, a forcing root and a flowering plant require different state judgments.", "layers": [ { "id": "vegetative-capacity", "name": "Vegetative capacity", "description": "Assess the leaf system, crown and taproot as the basis for the next growth or harvest decision.", "findings": [ { "id": "crown-and-root-readiness", "name": "Crown and root readiness", "description": "Record dimensions, integrity and visible regrowth without assuming that every root is suitable for forcing.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the crown diameter, accessible root dimensions and observed injuries at the current stage?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "crown-and-root-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports leaving this plant to grow, lifting its root, cutting leaves or retaining its crown for regrowth?", "kind": "action", "id": "crown-and-root-readiness-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flowering-and-seed", "name": "Flowering and seed", "description": "Track the transition from vegetative production to flowering and mature fruit.", "findings": [ { "id": "reproductive-transition", "name": "Reproductive transition", "description": "Distinguish observed stem elongation, flowering and fruit maturity from assumptions based on calendar date.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which reproductive stages are present, and how many heads contain developing or mature fruits?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reproductive-transition-q01" }, { "text": "Given the intended use, should the agent retain flowering stems, collect seed or prevent further seed production?", "kind": "action", "id": "reproductive-transition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "chicory-condition-and-site", "name": "Chicory condition and site", "description": "Interpret leaf, crown and root condition in relation to the plant's actual growing and management history.", "rationale": "Colour changes, wilting and growth transitions need context before they justify an intervention.", "layers": [ { "id": "growth-exposures", "name": "Growth exposures", "description": "Connect developmental observations to recorded water, temperature, light and disturbance conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "exposure-linked-growth", "name": "Exposure-linked growth", "description": "Preserve the timing of exposures and responses while keeping causal explanations provisional.", "questions": [ { "text": "What moisture, temperature, light and cutting history preceded wilting, stem elongation or reduced leaf growth?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "exposure-linked-growth-q01" }, { "text": "Which locally supported adjustment and subsequent observation would test the suspected cause?", "kind": "action", "id": "exposure-linked-growth-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "organ-condition", "name": "Organ condition", "description": "Separate intended crop appearance from injury, decay and unexplained symptoms.", "findings": [ { "id": "symptom-interpretation", "name": "Symptom interpretation", "description": "Record symptoms by organ and compare them with cultivar and treatment history before assigning a diagnosis.", "questions": [ { "text": "How extensive are leaf lesions, feeding damage, crown softening or root decay, and how are they changing?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "symptom-interpretation-q01" }, { "text": "Is unusual leaf colour consistent with the documented cultivar or light exclusion, or does it require investigation as a symptom?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "symptom-interpretation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "forcing-and-harvest", "name": "Forcing and harvest", "description": "Define readiness and handling decisions for leaf heads, forced chicons and roots.", "rationale": "Harvestable organs and production pathways differ within this species; a single maturity flag is inadequate.", "layers": [ { "id": "chicon-production", "name": "Chicon production", "description": "Track suitability and treatment of roots selected for forcing.", "findings": [ { "id": "forcing-state", "name": "Forcing state", "description": "Record root selection, light exclusion and shoot development; forcing chicory produces blanched shoots from retained roots. [RHS chicory guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/vegetables/chicory/grow-your-own)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cultivar-specific procedure supports this root's selection, preparation and forcing conditions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "forcing-state-q01" }, { "text": "What light exposure, temperature history, chicon dimensions and signs of decay determine whether to continue forcing or harvest?", "kind": "action", "id": "forcing-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "organ-harvest-decision", "name": "Organ harvest decision", "description": "Evaluate the selected organ against its destination and the desired fate of the remaining plant.", "findings": [ { "id": "harvest-eligibility", "name": "Harvest eligibility", "description": "Require an explicit organ, intended use and condition assessment; species identity alone does not establish suitability for a particular use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the target baby leaves, a mature head, a chicon or a root, and what documented quality criteria apply?", "kind": "definition", "id": "harvest-eligibility-q01" }, { "text": "Do identification, exposure history and organ condition support harvest, and should the crown remain for further growth?", "kind": "action", "id": "harvest-eligibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "establishment-and-spread", "name": "Establishment and spread", "description": "Record reproduction, persistence and the local reasons for retaining or limiting chicory.", "rationale": "A deliberately grown plant and an unwanted escape can require opposing actions despite sharing species identity.", "layers": [ { "id": "propagule-establishment", "name": "Propagule establishment", "description": "Assess the identity and observed performance of material intended for propagation.", "findings": [ { "id": "establishment-evidence", "name": "Establishment evidence", "description": "Track germination and survival while preserving links to the originating lot or plant.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source lot or parent plant produced the propagules, and what supports their species and cultivar labels?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "establishment-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What fractions germinated and established under the recorded conditions and observation period?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "establishment-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "local-persistence", "name": "Local persistence", "description": "Distinguish the planted footprint from recruits and surviving plants after management.", "findings": [ { "id": "retention-or-containment", "name": "Retention or containment", "description": "Base management on observed recruitment, local status evidence and the site's stated objective.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are new seedlings or regrowing crowns relative to the planted area, and what observations distinguish recruitment from survival?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "retention-or-containment-q01" }, { "text": "Given verified local status and site objectives, should these plants be retained, prevented from seeding or removed with follow-up monitoring?", "kind": "action", "id": "retention-or-containment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Wild / common chicory (unselected roadside and meadow plants, often treated as var. intybus)", "Industrial / root chicory (large taproots grown for roasting and inulin extraction, often var. sativum)", "Witloof / Belgian endive / chicon (roots stored then forced in darkness to etiolated heads)", "Radicchio heading types (Chioggia, Treviso, Castelfranco, Verona and related red or variegated heads)", "Sugarloaf chicory (Pain de sucre / Pan di zucchero green heading types)", "Catalogna / puntarelle / asparagus chicory (thick stems and cut leaves)", "Cutting / leaf chicory (non-heading 'Italian dandelion' and cicoria da taglio)", "Forage chicory (pasture cultivars such as Puna, grown as a livestock herb)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Scientific name (ICN)", "value_or_pattern": "Cichorium intybus L.", "note": "Protologue in Species Plantarum (1753); family Asteraceae." }, { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q2544599", "note": "Item for the species common chicory / Cichorium intybus." }, { "scheme": "IPNI", "value_or_pattern": "191003-1", "note": "Linnaean name record; LSID form urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:191003-1." }, { "scheme": "ITIS TSN", "value_or_pattern": "36762", "note": "North American taxonomic serial number for the species." }, { "scheme": "USDA PLANTS symbol", "value_or_pattern": "CIIN", "note": "Four-letter genus-plus-species code used in USDA vegetation and conservation plant lists." }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "13427", "note": "Taxid for Cichorium intybus." }, { "scheme": "EPPO code", "value_or_pattern": "CICIN", "note": "Five-letter plant-protection code for the species." }, { "scheme": "Harmonized System (WCO)", "value_or_pattern": "0705.21 (witloof); 1212.94 (chicory roots); 2101.30 (roasted chicory and other roasted coffee substitutes)", "note": "Product codes for the main traded forms, not for the living wild plant." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "UNECE Standard FFV-38 (witloof chicory marketing and quality) - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", "Council Directive 2002/55/EC (vegetable seed, including chicory) - European Union", "Council Directive 66/401/EEC (fodder-plant seed, covering industrial/forage chicory) - European Union", "UPOV Test Guidelines for chicory (Cichorium intybus) - International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants", "Harmonized System headings 0705.21, 1212.94 and 2101.30 - World Customs Organization", "GRAS notices for chicory inulin and oligofructose as food ingredients - U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "German Commission E monograph for chicory root as a traditional bitter - former Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte / Commission E", "Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India monograph for Kasani (Cichorium intybus) - Government of India" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Roasted taproots as a caffeine-free coffee substitute or blender, including the New Orleans coffee-and-chicory café au lait tradition and packaged chicory coffee in Europe and India.", "Two-stage witloof production: field-grown roots stored cold, then forced in darkness to pale chicons in Belgium, the Netherlands and northern France.", "Heading and cutting salads: radicchio in the Veneto, sugarloaf loaves, Catalogna leaves, and Roman puntarelle prepared with anchovy dressing.", "Industrial extraction of inulin and oligofructose from root chicory in north-west Europe for use as dietary fibre and a fat/sugar replacer.", "Sown pasture herb (e.g. 'Puna') in New Zealand, Australia and parts of North America for summer forage, high mineral content and a reputation for reducing internal parasites in lambs.", "Wild-collected spring leaves and roots as a bitter pot-herb and traditional digestive; also a common roadside nectar plant with blue summer flowers." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Sporophyte chromosome number", "typical_range": "18 (diploid)", "unit": "2n" }, { "quantity": "Flowering-stem height", "typical_range": "0.3-1.5", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Capitulum diameter", "typical_range": "2-4", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Root inulin, industrial types (dry-matter basis)", "typical_range": "60-75", "unit": "% of root dry matter" }, { "quantity": "Thousand-seed mass", "typical_range": "1.2-1.6", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Forage seed sowing rate", "typical_range": "4-8", "unit": "kg/ha" }, { "quantity": "Witloof forcing temperature", "typical_range": "14-18", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Sesquiterpene-lactone (lactucin/lactucopicrin) contact dermatitis and Compositae/Asteraceae allergy in handlers of leaves, latex or chicory-derived food ingredients.", "Gastrointestinal gas and bloating from high intakes of chicory inulin or oligofructose.", "Weedy naturalization on roadsides, pastures and disturbed ground in temperate regions outside the native range.", "Crop disorders: premature bolting in salad types; brown core, red rib, hollow centres and bitterness faults in forced witloof from wrong storage or forcing temperature.", "Field diseases and pests of the taproot and leaves, notably Sclerotinia, powdery mildew, viruses and root-feeding nematodes, which ruin forcing roots and inulin yield.", "Historical and still-possible undeclared substitution of roasted chicory into coffee; conversely, buyers expecting coffee flavour from a caffeine-free product.", "Milk or meat flavour taint reported when dairy or finishing stock graze almost pure chicory swards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English 'chicory' versus 'endive' is inverted across markets: in British usage chicory often means forced witloof and endive means Cichorium endivia; in North American retail, 'Belgian endive' is witloof and 'endive/escarole' is C. endivia.", "French endive and Belgian chicon are witloof of C. intybus; French chicorée more often means the coffee-root or wild/leaf plant.", "Italian cicoria covers wild and Catalogna leaf types; radicchio names the red heading group of the Veneto (Chioggia, Treviso, Castelfranco, Verona), which are still this species.", "Puntarelle is a Roman Catalogna use of swollen stems, not a separate species.", "Root-coffee culture is strongest in France, parts of Central Europe, India (kasni) and New Orleans; forage-chicory culture is strongest in New Zealand and similar temperate-pasture regions.", "Flower colour is almost always blue in wild European material; white- or pink-flowered plants occur but are locally uncommon and sometimes over-named as cultivars." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Cichorium endivia (endive, escarole, frisée)", "difference": "A separate cultivated species, usually grown as an annual salad without a forcing-root stage; distinguish by crop type and, in flower, by the annual/biennial habit and typically paler heads versus the perennial taproot and bright blue capitula of C. intybus. DNA barcode or a seed-catalogue species name settles ambiguous leaf samples." }, { "name": "Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)", "difference": "Shares runcinate leaves and milky latex in the rosette; dandelion sends up a leafless hollow scape with a single yellow head, whereas C. intybus branches, bears leaves on the flowering stem, and opens blue ligulate heads." }, { "name": "Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce)", "difference": "Also a bitter latex Asteraceae with toothed leaves; it has yellowish florets, a row of spines on the midrib underside, and a different involucre. Blue flowers rule it out." }, { "name": "Cichorium spinosum (stamnagathi)", "difference": "A spiny, often cushion-forming Aegean relative harvested as a wild green; C. intybus is unarmed and taller with a conventional taproot and branched flowering stems." }, { "name": "Coffea spp. (coffee), as a roasted-root product", "difference": "Roasted chicory is caffeine-free and yields a darker, more bitter, inulin-rich brew; chemical tests for caffeine, trigonelline and coffee-specific diterpenes separate a chicory blend from pure coffee." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Cichorium intybus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional identification keys cover the relevant Cichorium relatives, and how reliably do their characters distinguish nonflowering cultivated forms?", "Which cultivar classifications and provenance records reliably connect leaf, root, forage and forcing material to this registry entry?", "What cultivar- and climate-specific evidence establishes root readiness, forcing conditions and harvest criteria?", "Which locally validated diagnostic methods and intervention thresholds distinguish chicory stress, pest injury and crown or root disease?", "What regional evidence establishes persistence, spread and management constraints, and which exposure checks are required for each proposed food or forage use?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }