{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T11:11:08Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0954f-69dc-7e93-83c5-7f9a2a31c9b1\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: massive particle\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 044: 100", "usd": 0.0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 64.0, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0954f-69e0-73a2-9712-69e364c1a25d\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: massive particle\nRegistry id: vr.tr.massive-particle\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry:" } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T12:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:53:48+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners", "visual_identification" ] }, "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q2923525", "registryId": "vr.tr.massive-particle", "name": "massive particle", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2923525/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.massive-particle", "name": "massive particle", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to identify a massive particle, interpret its mass and motion, assess evidence about its state, and determine which interactions or observations are physically applicable.", "definition": "A massive particle is a particle with strictly positive invariant mass, whether elementary or composite, whose free motion in special relativity is timelike and slower than light in vacuum.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the defining condition of positive invariant mass and the particle-specific properties needed to describe an elementary or composite massive particle; species models supply detailed interaction and decay rules.", "in_scope": [ "Positive invariant mass and its distinction from energy, momentum, weight, and effective mass", "Elementary or composite particle identity and applicable species relationships", "Relativistic energy, momentum, velocity, and reference-frame dependence", "Interaction properties relevant to production, detection, scattering, and binding", "Stability, decay, and evidence supporting identification as a massive particle" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Massless particles as kinds in their own right", "Quasiparticles whose effective mass describes behavior in a medium", "Macroscopic bodies and continuous material distributions", "Detailed taxonomies and decay tables owned by individual particle-species models", "Detector engineering and complete experimental apparatus models", "General theories of mass generation and spacetime geometry" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The defining criterion is positive invariant mass, not merely nonzero energy or momentum.", "For a free on-shell particle, measured energy and momentum obey E² − p²c² = m²c⁴ with m > 0.", "A free massive particle admits a rest frame and travels below the vacuum speed of light; an extremely relativistic massive particle can nevertheless have a speed experimentally indistinguishable from c.", "Massive does not mean heavy: a very small positive invariant mass qualifies.", "A composite particle can qualify, but a positive invariant mass calculated for several particles does not by itself establish a single composite particle." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Invariant mass", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg or eV/c² with uncertainty, bounds, and mass convention", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the particle meets the defining condition and supports kinematic calculations." }, { "name": "Particle identity and composition", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Species or candidate identity; elementary, composite, or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Connects this general model to species-specific properties without equating massiveness with elementarity." }, { "name": "Quantum-state description", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Mass eigenstate, specified superposition, mixed state, or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Prevents assignment of a single sharp mass where the state description does not support it." }, { "name": "Four-momentum", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Energy in eV and three-momentum in eV/c, with reference frame and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports invariant-mass reconstruction and energy-momentum conservation checks." }, { "name": "Speed", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "m/s or β = v/c, with reference frame and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes nonrelativistic and relativistic regimes and supports time-of-flight interpretation." }, { "name": "Interaction quantum numbers", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Electric charge in units of e, spin in units of ℏ, and other species-relevant quantum numbers", "why_it_matters": "Constrains interaction and detection possibilities that mass alone cannot establish." }, { "name": "Proper lifetime", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "s, measured value or lower bound; unknown where unestablished", "why_it_matters": "Supports decay-distance estimates while distinguishing measured longevity from assumed stability." }, { "name": "Physical environment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Vacuum, medium, external field, bound system, or specified combination", "why_it_matters": "Identifies conditions under which free-particle approximations or species properties require qualification." }, { "name": "Identification status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Established, candidate, hypothetical, excluded under stated assumptions, or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Separates observed particle properties from inferred or proposed ones." } ], "affordances": [ "Evaluate whether measurements support positive invariant mass, accounting for uncertainty and assumptions.", "Transform energy and momentum between specified inertial frames and determine whether a rest-frame description applies.", "Check whether a proposed production, scattering, or decay process satisfies kinematic constraints.", "Select candidate detection methods from charge, interactions, lifetime, and expected kinematics.", "Estimate propagation time and decay distance when the particle state and lifetime permit.", "Link the particle to a species or composite-particle model while preserving unresolved identity." ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain what a massive particle is and give established examples such as the electron or proton.", "State measured masses with their source and uncertainty." ], "must_not": [ "Present a speculative particle as established without stating its status.", "Claim that a massive particle can travel at or faster than light in vacuum.", "Misstate whether a particle has zero or nonzero mass, as for neutrinos, without current evidence.", "Use physics vocabulary to support pseudoscientific product or health claims." ], "requires_human": [ "Publishing new mass measurements or claims of new particles.", "Teaching material presented as authoritative to students." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Physics terms are misused to lend false authority to scams and pseudoscience.", "Overstating discoveries misleads the public and funders." ], "affected_parties": [ "Students and the public", "Researchers", "Consumers of pseudoscientific products" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "Nobody owns the concept; physics collaborations answer for their measurements.", "master_systems": [ "Review of Particle Physics data tables" ] }, "visual_identification": [ "Not seen directly; known by tracks, energy deposits or decays recorded in detectors.", "In detector data, a massive particle moves slower than light and its momentum and energy imply its mass." ], "what_it_is_for": [ "Massive particles are encountered in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and descriptions of ordinary matter.", "The category is used to distinguish particles with positive invariant mass when analyzing energy, momentum and relativistic motion." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Energetic particle radiation can damage tissue or electronics, depending on particle type, energy and exposure.", "Particles that are radioactive or arise from radioactive material can present radiation hazards that positive rest mass alone does not establish.", "Treating all massive particles as having the same interactions can produce incorrect detector interpretations or unsafe shielding assessments." ], "facets_not_applicable": { "interfaces": "No standard or regulatory classification applies solely because a particle has positive rest mass, since applicable requirements depend on its identity and use." } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q2923525: massive particle", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2923525", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Massive particle", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_particle", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "massive-particle-identity", "name": "Massive particle identity", "description": "Establishes what qualifies as a massive particle and which physical entity the description concerns.", "rationale": "Nonzero energy, composite-system mass, and effective mass can otherwise produce false classifications.", "layers": [ { "id": "positive-invariant-mass", "name": "Positive invariant mass", "description": "Captures the defining mass criterion and the meaning of the reported mass.", "findings": [ { "id": "mass-qualification", "name": "Mass qualification", "description": "Qualification requires positive invariant mass; total energy or a positive upper bound alone does not establish this.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the reported quantity represent invariant mass, rest energy, a mass bound, or an effective parameter?", "kind": "definition", "id": "mass-qualification-q01" }, { "text": "What measurement or established species assignment supports m > 0, and with what uncertainty?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "mass-qualification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "particle-boundary", "name": "Particle boundary", "description": "Separates a particle from a collection of particles or a medium-dependent excitation.", "findings": [ { "id": "entity-and-species", "name": "Entity and species", "description": "An elementary particle, a composite particle, and an unbound multiparticle system require different identity claims even when each has a positive invariant mass.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this an elementary particle, a composite particle, or a multiparticle system being treated collectively?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "entity-and-species-q01" }, { "text": "Which species model supplies the identity, and what evidence supports that assignment?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "entity-and-species-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "relativistic-motion", "name": "Relativistic motion", "description": "Connects mass with frame-dependent motion and the applicability of free-particle kinematics.", "rationale": "A massive particle can move arbitrarily close to c, making speed alone an unreliable practical classifier.", "layers": [ { "id": "energy-momentum-consistency", "name": "Energy-momentum consistency", "description": "Records the quantities and assumptions needed to test the mass relation.", "findings": [ { "id": "on-shell-kinematics", "name": "On-shell kinematics", "description": "For a free on-shell particle, invariant mass is related to energy and momentum by E² − p²c² = m²c⁴.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which reference frame were energy and momentum measured, and what are their uncertainties and correlations?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "on-shell-kinematics-q01" }, { "text": "Is the free on-shell description justified, or is this a bound-state constituent, virtual contribution, or medium-dependent excitation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "on-shell-kinematics-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rest-frame-and-speed", "name": "Rest frame and speed", "description": "Determines the appropriate motion regime and use of rest-frame quantities.", "findings": [ { "id": "motion-regime", "name": "Motion regime", "description": "Massive free-particle kinematics permits a rest frame; the ratio of momentum to mc determines whether nonrelativistic approximations are suitable.", "questions": [ { "text": "What values of β and Lorentz factor follow from the measured momentum and assigned mass?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "motion-regime-q01" }, { "text": "Does the required precision permit a nonrelativistic approximation, or must the agent use relativistic relations?", "kind": "action", "id": "motion-regime-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interactions-and-access", "name": "Interactions and experimental access", "description": "Identifies which interactions permit the particle to be produced, detected, or manipulated.", "rationale": "Positive mass does not determine electric charge, detector visibility, or a practical means of control.", "layers": [ { "id": "interaction-properties", "name": "Interaction properties", "description": "Links particle identity and quantum numbers to applicable interaction models.", "findings": [ { "id": "coupling-and-response", "name": "Coupling and response", "description": "Charge, spin, and species-specific couplings determine possible responses to fields and matter.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which interaction quantum numbers and couplings are established for this particle or candidate?", "kind": "definition", "id": "coupling-and-response-q01" }, { "text": "Which proposed field or material interactions are supported by those properties?", "kind": "action", "id": "coupling-and-response-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "production-and-observation", "name": "Production and observation", "description": "Connects proposed access methods to kinematic feasibility and expected signatures.", "findings": [ { "id": "accessible-processes", "name": "Accessible processes", "description": "Production requires sufficient invariant energy and compatible conservation laws; observation depends on interaction signatures or decay products.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the proposed initial state have sufficient invariant energy and compatible conserved quantities to produce the particle?", "kind": "action", "id": "accessible-processes-q01" }, { "text": "Which signature would identify it: a track, energy deposition, time of flight, decay reconstruction, or missing four-momentum?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "accessible-processes-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "persistence-and-transformation", "name": "Persistence and transformation", "description": "Describes stability, decay, and participation in bound systems.", "rationale": "Massiveness does not imply stability or guarantee that a particle survives long enough for direct observation.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifetime-and-decay", "name": "Lifetime and decay", "description": "Distinguishes proper lifetime from laboratory survival and records allowed transformations.", "findings": [ { "id": "survival-and-products", "name": "Survival and products", "description": "Lifetime evidence and decay-channel information determine whether to model propagation, prompt decay, or a stability limit.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the proper lifetime measured, bounded, or unknown, and what supports any claim of stability?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "survival-and-products-q01" }, { "text": "Which decay channels are established, and how do the measured boost and lifetime affect the expected observation location?", "kind": "action", "id": "survival-and-products-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "binding-and-composition", "name": "Binding and composition", "description": "Records when the particle belongs to or constitutes a bound system.", "findings": [ { "id": "composite-mass-accounting", "name": "Composite mass accounting", "description": "A composite particle's invariant mass reflects total rest-frame energy and cannot generally be obtained by adding isolated constituent masses alone.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the mass assigned to the whole composite particle or to one constituent within it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "composite-mass-accounting-q01" }, { "text": "How are binding and internal energy represented when relating composite mass to constituent properties?", "kind": "definition", "id": "composite-mass-accounting-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "mass-evidence-and-limits", "name": "Mass evidence and interpretive limits", "description": "Preserves how mass and identity were inferred and where a simple particle description becomes inadequate.", "rationale": "Mass estimates, resonances, and quantum superpositions can require different interpretations despite sharing particle terminology.", "layers": [ { "id": "measurement-provenance", "name": "Measurement provenance", "description": "Retains the method, assumptions, and uncertainty behind reported properties.", "findings": [ { "id": "mass-inference", "name": "Mass inference", "description": "An inferred mass depends on the observables and analysis used; an unresolved result must remain distinguishable from evidence of positive mass.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source and method produced the mass estimate or bound?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "mass-inference-q01" }, { "text": "Which calibration, background, resolution, or theoretical assumptions materially affect the conclusion?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "mass-inference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quantum-description-limits", "name": "Quantum description limits", "description": "Identifies cases requiring a mass distribution, state decomposition, or resonance convention.", "findings": [ { "id": "mass-state-interpretation", "name": "Mass-state interpretation", "description": "A single sharp mass may be inadequate for a superposition of mass eigenstates or an unstable resonance; the applicable state and mass convention must be explicit.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the description concern a definite mass eigenstate, a superposition, or an unstable resonance?", "kind": "definition", "id": "mass-state-interpretation-q01" }, { "text": "What state decomposition, mass convention, or width information is needed before applying single-mass kinematics?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "mass-state-interpretation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Massive means nonzero invariant mass, not unusually heavy or merely energetic.", "No particular species or specialized sense was supplied; the definition assumes ordinary particles, rather than virtual particles or effective-mass quasiparticles.", "Mass, lifetime, interactions and hazards depend on species and conditions; there is no universal typical mass range." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Massive elementary fermions", "Massive elementary bosons", "Massive composite particles" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Particle Data Group Monte Carlo particle numbering scheme", "value_or_pattern": "Integer codes, such as 11 for the electron and 2212 for the proton", "note": "Identifies particular particle species; there is no single code for all massive particles." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Electrons carry charge in electronic devices and form beams in electron microscopes.", "Proton and ion beams are used in particle therapy and materials analysis.", "Neutrons are used to investigate material structure through scattering.", "Massive-particle collisions probe matter and fundamental interactions in accelerators." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Invariant mass", "typical_range": "Strictly positive; examples include approximately 0.511 for an electron and 938.27 for a proton", "unit": "MeV/c²" }, { "quantity": "Speed of a free particle in a local inertial frame", "typical_range": "0 ≤ v < c", "unit": "m/s" }, { "quantity": "Rest energy", "typical_range": "E₀ = mc²; positive, with no universal characteristic range", "unit": "J" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Energetic charged-particle beams can ionize matter, damage tissue and degrade materials.", "Neutron exposure can damage tissue and induce radioactivity in some materials." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Massless particle", "difference": "Has zero invariant mass; a free massless particle travels at c in vacuum." }, { "name": "Elementary particle", "difference": "Is classified by the absence of known internal constituents; elementary particles can be massive or massless." }, { "name": "Composite particle", "difference": "Has constituent structure; being massive does not establish whether a particle is composite." }, { "name": "Charged particle", "difference": "Has nonzero electric charge; a massive particle can be electrically neutral." }, { "name": "Relativistic particle", "difference": "Has motion requiring relativistic treatment in the chosen frame; a massive particle can be relativistic or nonrelativistic." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of massive particle this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend massive particle to include all composite particles and unstable resonances, or a narrower elementary-particle category?", "Which existing Vercy models already own particle identity, relativistic kinematics, and species-specific interaction rules?", "How should the catalogue represent flavor states that are superpositions of mass eigenstates without assigning an unjustified single mass?", "Which mass conventions and evidence standards should be required for unstable resonances and candidate particles?", "Where should the registry place medium-dependent excitations and effective-mass descriptions relative to this entry?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 27 } }