{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T05:02:39Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:59:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:51:40+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:58+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q30081",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.multilingualism",
    "name": "multilingualism",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QLT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q30081/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.multilingualism",
    "name": "multilingualism",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain multilingualism at individual and societal levels, describe patterns such as diglossia and official multilingualism, present research on acquisition and cognition with attribution, and support language policy and education questions neutrally.",
    "definition": "The ability of an individual to use more than one language, and the coexistence of several languages within a community or country, ranging from bilingualism and trilingualism to the official multilingualism of states such as Luxembourg, India, Switzerland and South Africa, and including patterns such as diglossia in which languages or varieties serve different functions; multilingualism is studied in linguistics, education and policy and is the norm for most of the world population.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Use of several languages.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain individual and societal multilingualism",
      "describe patterns",
      "present research",
      "support policy questions"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Individual and societal levels",
      "Functional distribution",
      "Policy dimension",
      "Global norm"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; a linguistic capability and social condition.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "More than one language in a person or society",
      "Bilingualism, diglossia, official multilingualism",
      "Monolingualism is one language; translation bridges languages"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "individual bilingualism and trilingualism",
      "societal multilingualism",
      "official multilingualism of states",
      "diglossia",
      "multilingual education"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "aptitude",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "Romance",
        "why": "a family of languages in multilingual regions"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "Latin script",
        "why": "scripts across multilingual orthographies"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "acculturation",
        "why": "language in cultural contact"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Language policy and official language laws",
      "Minority language rights frameworks",
      "Education policies on languages of instruction"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Myths about bilingual confusion",
      "Politicised language policy debates",
      "Ignoring minority languages"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain multilingualism and its forms for individuals and societies, citing research.",
        "Help people learn, use and switch between their languages."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Treat a speaker's accent or mixing of languages as a sign of lower ability.",
        "Suggest that bilingual children should drop a home language without evidence.",
        "Default to a dominant language when a person has asked to use their own.",
        "Infer a person's ethnicity or migration status from the languages they speak."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Choosing the language of a legal, medical or official communication for someone."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Language rights are tied to identity, access to services and minority protection.",
        "Multilingual speakers have long faced stigma and pressure to give up home languages."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Multilingual speakers",
        "Minority language communities",
        "Children in schools"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns it; language policy in each country is set by its public authorities.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q30081: multilingualism",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Multilingualism",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What multilingualism is.",
        "rationale": "Linguistics.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "concept",
            "name": "Concept",
            "description": "Concept and levels.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "concept-finding",
                "name": "Concept",
                "description": "Concept.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is multilingualism at individual and societal levels, and how are degrees of proficiency described?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the individual or societal level meant?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "patterns",
            "name": "Patterns",
            "description": "Patterns.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "patterns-finding",
                "name": "Patterns",
                "description": "Patterns.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are diglossia, code-switching and official multilingualism, and how do they work in countries such as Luxembourg and India?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific country?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "research",
        "name": "Research",
        "description": "Acquisition and cognition.",
        "rationale": "Attribution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "acquisition",
            "name": "Acquisition",
            "description": "Acquisition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "acquisition-finding",
                "name": "Acquisition",
                "description": "Acquisition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do people become multilingual, and what does research say about age and methods, with findings attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which findings are contested?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "cognition",
            "name": "Cognition",
            "description": "Cognition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "cognition-finding",
                "name": "Cognition",
                "description": "Cognition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What does research say about cognitive effects of multilingualism, with findings attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the presentation free of myths?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "policy",
        "name": "Policy",
        "description": "Policy and education.",
        "rationale": "Attribution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "policy",
            "name": "Policy",
            "description": "Language policy.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "policy-finding",
                "name": "Policy",
                "description": "Policy.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do states manage official multilingualism and minority languages, and what debates exist, with positions attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the presentation neutral?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "education",
            "name": "Education",
            "description": "Multilingual education.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "education-finding",
                "name": "Education",
                "description": "Education.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is multilingual education organised, and what does evidence say about approaches?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits bilingual education?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "History and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How has multilingualism been the norm historically, and how did monolingual ideologies arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can multilingualism be taught as a topic in linguistics and education?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should diglossia be a separate entry?",
    "How should policy documents be linked?",
    "How should research be linked?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}