{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T01:04:35Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude", "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:02:16+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-06T22:48:00+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "definition", "purpose" ], "answering_review": "ad9ab7455ff3449e66c8bebe7a2ff15a02206220f9b891012c84e403d7fe0641" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q3198", "registryId": "vr.tr.photon", "name": "photon", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q3198/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.photon", "name": "photon", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the photon and its properties, relay its role in quantum theory and electromagnetism from physics references, describe applications and specialised terms, and distinguish established physics, including biological ultraweak photon emission, from speculative interpretations of that emission.", "definition": "The elementary particle that is the quantum of the electromagnetic field and the carrier of the electromagnetic force, massless, chargeless, travelling at the speed of light and carrying energy proportional to its frequency, exhibiting both wave and particle behaviour; photons make up all light and other electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays, with virtual photons mediating interactions in quantum electrodynamics, soft photons at low energy, Lyman continuum photons in astrophysics and biophotons referring to ultraweak photon emission from living tissue. Biological ultraweak photon emission is established, while speculative interpretations of its significance are disputed.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a fundamental particle.", "affordances": [ "explain properties and behaviour", "relay quantum theory and QED", "describe applications", "distinguish specialised and speculative terms" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Massless gauge boson", "Wave-particle duality", "Energy from frequency", "Carrier of electromagnetism" ], "appearance": "Not visible as an object; perceived as light.", "visual_identification": [ "Quantum of the electromagnetic field", "Real, virtual, soft, Lyman continuum photons", "Electrons are charged fermions; gluons carry the strong force; phonons are lattice vibrations" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "rest mass", "typical_range": "0", "unit": "kg", "note": "exactly, by theory" }, { "quantity": "spin", "typical_range": "1", "unit": "h-bar", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "energy", "typical_range": "E = h * nu", "unit": "formula", "note": "Planck relation" }, { "quantity": "speed in vacuum", "typical_range": "299792458", "unit": "m/s", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "photons across the electromagnetic spectrum", "virtual photons in QED", "soft photons in scattering theory", "Lyman continuum photons in astrophysics", "entangled photons in quantum optics", "biophoton as a term for ultraweak biological emission, with contested interpretations" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "gauge boson", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "massless quantum particle", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "field quantum", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "mediates", "target": "electromagnetic interaction", "why": "in the Standard Model" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "PDG", "value_or_pattern": "photon", "note": "Particle Data Group listing" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "No regulation; SI definitions involving the speed of light and Planck constant" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Misusing photon concepts in pseudoscience", "Confusing wave and particle pictures", "Overstating biophoton claims" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain photon properties and quantum behaviour from physics sources.", "Calculate photon energies and fluxes for problems or instruments." ], "must_not": [ "Understate radiation dose from high-energy photons in safety information.", "Operate lasers or x-ray sources it is not authorized to control.", "Direct a laser beam towards people, aircraft or vehicles.", "Present speculative photon-based claims as settled physics." ], "requires_human": [ "Energising any radiation source or laser above the safe class." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "High-energy photons damage tissue and eyes, sometimes without immediate sensation.", "Medical imaging balances diagnosis against dose, especially for children." ], "affected_parties": [ "Patients receiving imaging", "Laser and x-ray workers", "Pilots and drivers" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "Nobody owns a particle; radiation safety authorities regulate sources.", "master_systems": [] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q3198: photon", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Photon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a photon is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and properties.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a photon, and what are its mass, spin, energy and momentum?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about photons in physics or a speculative use of the term?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "duality", "name": "Duality", "description": "Wave and particle.", "findings": [ { "id": "duality-finding", "name": "Duality", "description": "Duality.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do photons show wave and particle behaviour, as in the photoelectric effect and interference?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits wave-particle duality?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Theory.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "qed", "name": "QED", "description": "Quantum electrodynamics.", "findings": [ { "id": "qed-finding", "name": "QED", "description": "QED.", "questions": [ { "text": "What roles do real and virtual photons play in quantum electrodynamics and the Standard Model?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "special", "name": "Special", "description": "Specialised terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "special-finding", "name": "Special", "description": "Special.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are soft photons, Lyman continuum photons and biophotons, and how established is each concept?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation clear about contested claims?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Applications.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Photonics.", "findings": [ { "id": "technology-finding", "name": "Technology", "description": "Technology.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are photons used in lasers, fibre optics, imaging and detectors?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits photonics?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quantum", "name": "Quantum", "description": "Quantum technologies.", "findings": [ { "id": "quantum-finding", "name": "Quantum", "description": "Quantum.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are entangled photons used in quantum communication and computing, as research reports?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History of the concept.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Planck, Einstein and later physicists develop the photon concept, and where does the name come from?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of quantum mechanics?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "experiments", "name": "Experiments", "description": "Key experiments.", "findings": [ { "id": "experiments-finding", "name": "Experiments", "description": "Experiments.", "questions": [ { "text": "What experiments established the photon, from the photoelectric effect to single-photon interference?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific experiment?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should quantum optics be the primary linked entry for applications?", "How should physics references be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases including a contested term; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }