{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T04:21:32Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:50:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:56:52+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "revisions": [
      {
        "at": "2026-10-06T22:50:14+00:00",
        "engine": "codex",
        "fields": [
          "definition",
          "visual_identification"
        ],
        "answering_review": "40678b0eaaea2c7f0c6983e386162f468e719854daf6804e6e73918db50cd35a"
      }
    ],
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q366",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.corruption",
    "name": "corruption",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.ACT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q366/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.corruption",
    "name": "corruption",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain corruption and its forms and causes, describe measurement, law and anti-corruption measures, present debates and cases with attribution, and support civic and research questions without accusing individuals.",
    "definition": "The abuse of entrusted power for private gain, which can involve bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism, patronage systems such as the spoils system, favour networks such as wasta, no-show jobs, rent-seeking and fraud in public and private institutions when those practices involve such abuse; rent-seeking and wasta are not inherently corruption, and their classification depends on the circumstances; corruption undermines governance, development and trust, is measured by indices and surveys, and is addressed by criminal law, anti-corruption agencies, transparency measures and international conventions.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Abuse of entrusted power for private gain.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain forms and causes",
      "describe measurement and law",
      "present cases with attribution",
      "support civic questions"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Entrusted power",
      "Private gain",
      "Many forms",
      "Legal and social sanction"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; practices and transactions.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Corruption involves abuse of entrusted power for private gain.",
      "Bribery, embezzlement and nepotism can involve corruption, while rent-seeking and wasta qualify only when they involve abuse of entrusted power for private gain.",
      "Lobbying or gifts do not by themselves establish corruption, and incompetence alone is not corruption."
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "bribery and kickbacks",
      "embezzlement and fraud",
      "nepotism, cronyism and patronage",
      "rent-seeking and state capture",
      "petty and grand corruption"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "abuse of power",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "crime",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "politics",
        "why": "power and its abuse"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "ombudsman",
        "why": "oversight institutions"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Anti-corruption laws and international conventions",
      "Public procurement and transparency rules",
      "Corporate compliance standards"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Accusing individuals without adjudicated findings",
      "Partisan presentation",
      "Treating all informal practices as corruption without context"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain forms of corruption and anti-corruption law in general terms with sources.",
        "Report suspected corruption through official or whistleblowing channels when authorized.",
        "Cite court findings and official reports when naming cases."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Help offer, solicit or conceal bribes, kickbacks or embezzlement.",
        "Accuse named people of corruption without court findings or credible reporting.",
        "Expose whistleblowers' identities.",
        "Treat corruption as a trait of a nation or culture."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Reporting named individuals to authorities.",
        "Publishing allegations against public officials."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Corruption steals from the public and hits the poorest hardest.",
        "False accusations destroy reputations; whistleblowers face retaliation."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "The public",
        "Whistleblowers",
        "People wrongly accused"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody: a wrong; anti-corruption agencies and courts enforce the law.",
      "master_systems": [
        "Court records",
        "Registers of beneficial ownership"
      ]
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q366: corruption",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Corruption",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What corruption is.",
        "rationale": "Governance.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "concept",
            "name": "Concept",
            "description": "Concept and forms.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "concept-finding",
                "name": "Concept",
                "description": "Concept.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is corruption, and how do bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism, patronage and rent-seeking differ?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the request accusing a specific person without adjudicated findings, which must be avoided?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "causes",
            "name": "Causes",
            "description": "Causes and effects.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "causes-finding",
                "name": "Causes",
                "description": "Causes.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What causes corruption, and what effects does it have on development and trust, according to research?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which findings are contested?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "measure",
        "name": "Measure",
        "description": "Measurement and law.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "measure",
            "name": "Measure",
            "description": "Measurement.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "measure-finding",
                "name": "Measure",
                "description": "Measurement.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is corruption measured by indices, surveys and audits, and what are the limits of these measures?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific index?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "law",
            "name": "Law",
            "description": "Law and enforcement.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "law-finding",
                "name": "Law",
                "description": "Law.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do anti-corruption laws, agencies and international conventions address corruption?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is legal advice needed from a professional?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "address",
        "name": "Address",
        "description": "Anti-corruption measures.",
        "rationale": "Attribution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "measures",
            "name": "Measures",
            "description": "Prevention.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "measures-finding",
                "name": "Measures",
                "description": "Prevention.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What transparency, procurement, whistleblowing and institutional measures reduce corruption, according to evidence?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits transparency?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "cases",
            "name": "Cases",
            "description": "Cases and debates.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "cases-finding",
                "name": "Cases",
                "description": "Cases.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How should documented corruption cases and debates about informal practices such as wasta be presented, with findings and positions attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "History and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How has corruption been understood and fought historically, from spoils systems to modern agencies?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can anti-corruption be taught in civic and professional education?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should each form be a separate entry?",
    "How should indices and reports be linked?",
    "How should legal cases be attributed?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}