{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-10-21T18:41:55Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "researched by Claude against the sources listed below", "pass": 2, "wave": 5, "engine": "claude", "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-21T18:44:15+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "6 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q37525", "registryId": "vr.tr.glucose", "name": "glucose", "version": "0.2.0-wave.5", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q37525/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.glucose", "name": "glucose", "purpose": "Let an agent identify glucose by its chemical identifiers and properties, explain its role in metabolism and food, and route health questions about blood sugar to clinicians.", "definition": "A simple sugar with the formula C6H12O6, the most abundant monosaccharide, made by plants in photosynthesis and used by most organisms as a main source of energy; the natural form is D-glucose, also called dextrose.", "what_it_is_for": "Supplying energy to cells and serving as a building block of starch, cellulose and glycogen; used in food, medicine and fermentation.", "affordances": [ "give identifiers and basic physical data", "explain its role in metabolism", "convert blood glucose between units (mg/dL = mmol/L x 18.016), without interpreting the reading", "describe its uses in food and industry" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An aldohexose; fructose has the same formula but is a ketose.", "D-glucose is the natural form; L-glucose is rare and not metabolised in the same way.", "In water the alpha and beta ring forms interconvert through a trace open-chain form (mutarotation).", "Glucose syrup is a mixture of saccharides from starch, not pure glucose." ], "appearance": "A white crystalline powder or colourless crystals, sweet tasting and soluble in water.", "visual_identification": [ "Appearance is not diagnostic; identify the substance and form from documentation or analysis", "Sold as white crystals or powder labelled dextrose" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "molar mass", "typical_range": "180.16", "unit": "g/mol", "note": "anhydrous; the monohydrate C6H12O6.H2O is about 198.17" }, { "quantity": "melting point", "typical_range": "146-150", "unit": "degC", "note": "anhydrous alpha-D-glucose about 146; beta form about 150" }, { "quantity": "solubility in water", "typical_range": "about 1 g in 1.1 mL", "unit": "", "note": "anhydrous alpha-D-glucose at 25 degC" }, { "quantity": "relative sweetness", "typical_range": "0.7-0.8", "unit": "x sucrose", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "D-glucose (dextrose)", "L-glucose", "alpha and beta anomers", "anhydrous dextrose", "dextrose monohydrate" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "monosaccharide", "why": "an aldohexose" }, { "relation": "is part of", "target": "starch", "why": "polymer of glucose" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "fructose", "why": "same formula, different structure" }, { "relation": "is measured as", "target": "blood sugar", "why": "clinical measurement" }, { "relation": "is contained in", "target": "glucose syrup", "why": "a mixture made from starch" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "50-99-7", "note": "D-glucose" }, { "scheme": "PubChem CID", "value_or_pattern": "5793", "note": "D-glucose" }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:17234", "note": "glucose" }, { "scheme": "molecular formula", "value_or_pattern": "C6H12O6", "note": "" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "European Pharmacopoeia monographs for glucose and glucose monohydrate", "Codex Alimentarius Standard for Sugars, CXS 212-1999 (FAO/WHO), covering dextrose and glucose syrup", "ISO 15197 requirements for blood glucose monitoring systems for self-testing" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in people with diabetes", "Dust explosion risk in bulk powder handling", "Dental caries from frequent sugar intake" ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "give chemical data and identifiers", "explain glucose in metabolism and food in general terms", "convert measurement units" ], "must_not": [ "give insulin or medication doses", "diagnose diabetes or hypoglycaemia", "advise ignoring a dangerous blood glucose reading" ], "requires_human": [ "any treatment decision", "emergency response to a very low or very high reading" ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "public health and sugar consumption", "safety of people with diabetes" ], "affected_parties": [ "people with diabetes", "consumers" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "nobody; a chemical substance, with records kept by chemical registries", "master_systems": [ "CAS Registry", "PubChem", "ChEBI" ] }, "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [ { "id": "SRC-001", "title": "Q37525", "publisher": "Wikidata", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37525", "what_it_supports": "identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "SRC-002", "title": "Glucose", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose", "what_it_supports": "general description of the subject", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "SRC-003", "title": "D-Glucose, PubChem CID 5793", "publisher": "PubChem, US National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5793", "what_it_supports": "formula, molar mass, identifiers and properties", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "SRC-004", "title": "glucose (CHEBI:17234)", "publisher": "ChEBI, EMBL-EBI", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:17234", "what_it_supports": "ChEBI identifier", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "SRC-005", "title": "ICSC 0865 - Glucose", "publisher": "International Labour Organization", "url": "https://chemicalsafety.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0865&p_lang=en&p_version=2", "what_it_supports": "CAS and EC numbers, appearance and combustible dust hazard", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "SRC-006", "title": "ISO 15197:2013", "publisher": "International Organization for Standardization", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/54976.html", "what_it_supports": "requirements for blood-glucose self-testing systems", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Which substance exactly.", "rationale": "Isomers and forms are easily confused.", "layers": [ { "id": "structure", "name": "Structure", "description": "Formula, isomers and anomers.", "findings": [ { "id": "isomer-and-form", "name": "Isomer and form", "description": "D or L, alpha or beta, hydrate.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which isomer and form is meant?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it anhydrous or monohydrate?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "identifiers", "name": "Identifiers", "description": "Registry numbers.", "findings": [ { "id": "registry-numbers", "name": "Registry numbers", "description": "CAS, PubChem, ChEBI.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which identifiers match this form?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Do the identifiers agree with each other?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties", "name": "Properties", "description": "Physical and chemical data.", "rationale": "Handling and use depend on properties.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical", "name": "Physical", "description": "Melting point, solubility.", "findings": [ { "id": "physical-data", "name": "Physical data", "description": "Measured values and conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the melting point and solubility?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Under what conditions were they measured?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "chemical", "name": "Chemical", "description": "Reactions and stability.", "findings": [ { "id": "reactivity", "name": "Reactivity", "description": "Reducing sugar, caramelisation, fermentation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does it react on heating?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it a reducing sugar?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "biology", "name": "Biology", "description": "Role in living things.", "rationale": "Most questions concern metabolism.", "layers": [ { "id": "metabolism", "name": "Metabolism", "description": "Glycolysis and storage.", "findings": [ { "id": "energy-use", "name": "Energy use", "description": "Glycolysis, respiration, glycogen.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do cells use glucose for energy?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How is it stored?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "photosynthesis", "name": "Photosynthesis", "description": "Production in plants.", "findings": [ { "id": "synthesis", "name": "Synthesis", "description": "Made from carbon dioxide and water.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do plants make glucose?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What becomes of it in the plant?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-measurement", "name": "Health measurement", "description": "Blood glucose.", "rationale": "Agents meet readings and must stay safe.", "layers": [ { "id": "readings", "name": "Readings", "description": "Units and reference ranges.", "findings": [ { "id": "blood-glucose-value", "name": "Blood glucose value", "description": "Value, unit and timing.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the value in mmol/L or mg/dL?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Was it fasting or after a meal?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "When to seek help.", "findings": [ { "id": "urgent-readings", "name": "Urgent readings", "description": "Very low or very high values.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this reading in a range that needs urgent help?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Who should be contacted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "uses-and-supply", "name": "Uses and supply", "description": "Food, medicine and industry.", "rationale": "Commercial forms differ from the pure substance.", "layers": [ { "id": "food-and-medicine", "name": "Food and medicine", "description": "Dextrose, infusions and syrups.", "findings": [ { "id": "product-form", "name": "Product form", "description": "Grade and specification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which grade and specification applies?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it pure dextrose or a syrup?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "production", "name": "Production", "description": "From starch hydrolysis.", "findings": [ { "id": "manufacture", "name": "Manufacture", "description": "Source starch and process.", "questions": [ { "text": "From which starch was it made?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which process was used?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "The registry merges many isomers and forms; should L-glucose stay merged here?", "Reference ranges for blood glucose differ between guidelines; which source should the card cite?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 10, "questions": 20 } }