{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T00:11:08Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:50:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:46:02+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:51:59+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q403605",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.robustness-q403605",
    "name": "robustness",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.QLT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q403605/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.robustness-q403605",
    "name": "robustness",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain robustness across fields, describe how it is measured and designed, compare it with resilience and related terms, and support engineering and scientific questions.",
    "definition": "The quality of remaining functional or stable under stress, variation, error or attack, applied to organisms as tolerance of heat, chemicals and physiological extremes, to ecosystems as resistance to invasion, to engineered systems such as power grids and software as resilience to faults, and to statistical methods as insensitivity to outliers; robustness is measured and designed for across biology, engineering, computing and statistics.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Stability under stress or variation.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain robustness across fields",
      "describe measurement and design",
      "compare with resilience",
      "support field-specific questions"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Perturbation tolerance",
      "Cross-field",
      "Measurable",
      "Design goal"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; a property of systems and organisms.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Function maintained under perturbation",
      "Biological, engineered, statistical",
      "Fragility is the opposite; resilience emphasises recovery"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "biological robustness such as thermotolerance",
      "ecological robustness such as invasion resistance",
      "engineering robustness such as power system resilience",
      "software and control robustness",
      "statistical robustness"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "quality",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "condition",
        "why": "state under stress"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "production process",
        "why": "robust processes"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "software bug",
        "why": "faults tested for"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Engineering reliability standards",
      "Statistical method guidelines",
      "Grid reliability standards"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Overconfidence in untested robustness",
      "Trade-offs with efficiency",
      "Confusing robustness with resilience"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Test and report the robustness of systems it is authorized to test, stating the conditions tested.",
        "Distinguish robustness from resilience and from efficiency in an assessment."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Claim a system is robust beyond the conditions actually tested.",
        "Run stress or attack tests on systems it does not own or have permission to test.",
        "Hide failures found during robustness testing."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Certifying a safety-critical system as robust enough to deploy."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Overconfidence in robustness leads to failures that hurt people relying on a system.",
        "Robustness often trades against cost and efficiency; who bears the risk should be visible."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Users of the system",
        "Operators",
        "People affected by failures"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the quality; the owner of each system answers for its robustness.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q403605: robustness",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403605",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Robustness",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What robustness is.",
        "rationale": "Concepts.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "concept",
            "name": "Concept",
            "description": "Concept and relatives.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "concept-finding",
                "name": "Concept",
                "description": "Concept.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is robustness, and how does it relate to resilience, reliability, tolerance and stability?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which field sense is meant here?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "fields",
            "name": "Fields",
            "description": "Robustness by field.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "fields-finding",
                "name": "Fields",
                "description": "Fields.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is robustness understood in biology, ecology, engineering, computing and statistics?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific sense?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "measure",
        "name": "Measure",
        "description": "Measuring robustness.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "metrics",
            "name": "Metrics",
            "description": "Metrics and tests.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "metrics-finding",
                "name": "Metrics",
                "description": "Metrics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is robustness measured, from stress tests and fault injection to breakdown points in statistics?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How can the robustness of this system be tested?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "design",
            "name": "Design",
            "description": "Designing for robustness.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "design-finding",
                "name": "Design",
                "description": "Design.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are systems designed for robustness through redundancy, margins and feedback, and what trade-offs arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits reliability engineering?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "nature",
        "name": "Nature",
        "description": "Robustness in nature.",
        "rationale": "Biology.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "organisms",
            "name": "Organisms",
            "description": "Organismal robustness.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "organisms-finding",
                "name": "Organisms",
                "description": "Organisms.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do organisms achieve thermotolerance, chemical resistance and physiological tolerance, according to research?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific mechanism?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "ecosystems",
            "name": "Ecosystems",
            "description": "Ecosystem robustness.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "ecosystems-finding",
                "name": "Ecosystems",
                "description": "Ecosystems.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What makes ecosystems resistant to invasion and disturbance, and what is niche conservatism?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which findings are contested?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "Theory and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "theory",
            "name": "Theory",
            "description": "Theory.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "theory-finding",
                "name": "Theory",
                "description": "Theory.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do control theory and complex systems science formalise robustness?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can robustness be taught across disciplines?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should each field sense be a separate entry?",
    "How should standards be linked?",
    "How should measurement methods be linked?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}