{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T00:43:31Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:50:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:45:25+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q43091",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.orthography",
    "name": "orthography",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "INF.MED"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q43091/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.orthography",
    "name": "orthography",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain orthography and its components, describe the orthographic rules of a language with sources, support spelling and punctuation questions, and describe reforms and debates.",
    "definition": "The set of conventions for writing a language, including spelling, capitalisation, word breaks, diacritics and punctuation, such as comma rules in German, the serial comma in English, Japanese punctuation and the punctuation of scripts such as Bamum; orthographies are standardised by academies, ministries or usage, reformed over time, taught in schools and studied in linguistics, and they differ from the writing system itself.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Conventions for writing a language.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain components",
      "describe rules of a language",
      "support spelling and punctuation",
      "describe reforms"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Standardised conventions",
      "Spelling and punctuation",
      "Reformable",
      "Language-specific"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; rules realised in written text.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Spelling, punctuation, capitalisation rules",
      "Language-specific",
      "A script is the set of symbols; orthography is how they are used"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "spelling systems",
      "punctuation systems",
      "capitalisation and word division rules",
      "orthographies of specific languages",
      "orthographic reforms"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "linguistic norm",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "policy",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "Turkish",
        "why": "a language with a reformed orthography"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "coordination",
        "why": "punctuation of coordinated structures"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Academy and ministry orthographic standards",
      "Style guides",
      "Unicode and typographic standards for punctuation"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Applying one language rules to another",
      "Outdated rules after reforms",
      "Prescriptive overreach"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain the orthographic rules of a named language, citing the authority or reference used.",
        "Check spelling, capitalisation and punctuation against the rules the user has chosen.",
        "Note when a rule has changed in a reform and which version applies."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Apply one language's spelling or punctuation rules to another.",
        "Present outdated rules as current after a reform.",
        "Correct a writer's deliberate dialect, historical or minority spelling without being asked.",
        "Mock or judge people for spelling errors."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Changing the orthography of a published or official text."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Spelling is used to judge education and class, which can stigmatise people.",
        "Orthography reforms and script choices can carry political and identity weight."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Writers and learners",
        "Speakers of minority varieties",
        "Readers"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns it; language academies or official bodies set the standard where one exists.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q43091: orthography",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Orthography",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What orthography is.",
        "rationale": "Linguistics.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "components",
            "name": "Components",
            "description": "Components.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "components-finding",
                "name": "Components",
                "description": "Components.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, diacritics and word division cover, and how does orthography differ from a writing system?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific writing system?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "language",
            "name": "Language",
            "description": "Orthography of a language.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "language-finding",
                "name": "Language",
                "description": "By language.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are the orthographic rules of this language, according to its official or standard sources?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the language?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "apply",
        "name": "Apply",
        "description": "Spelling and punctuation.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "spelling",
            "name": "Spelling",
            "description": "Spelling questions.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "spelling-finding",
                "name": "Spelling",
                "description": "Spelling.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is this word spelled in this variety, and which references decide?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which variants are accepted?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "punctuation",
            "name": "Punctuation",
            "description": "Punctuation questions.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "punctuation-finding",
                "name": "Punctuation",
                "description": "Punctuation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How should this sentence be punctuated, including comma rules, the serial comma and language-specific marks such as Japanese punctuation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which style guide applies?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "change",
        "name": "Change",
        "description": "Reforms and debates.",
        "rationale": "Attribution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "reforms",
            "name": "Reforms",
            "description": "Orthographic reforms.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "reforms-finding",
                "name": "Reforms",
                "description": "Reforms.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which orthographic reforms have occurred in this language, and what were the attributed positions for and against?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the presentation neutral?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "minority",
            "name": "Minority",
            "description": "Creating orthographies.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "minority-finding",
                "name": "Minority",
                "description": "New orthographies.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are orthographies developed for previously unwritten languages, and who decides?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits language planning?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "Teaching and history.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching orthography.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are spelling and punctuation taught, and what does research say about methods?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which misconceptions arise?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did orthographies and punctuation develop historically?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should punctuation be a separate entry?",
    "How should official rules be linked by language?",
    "How should reform debates be attributed?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}