{
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    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T22:37:13Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
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    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 4,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
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      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T11:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:43:11+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
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    "revisions": [
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      "evidence": [
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        "review by codex: pass"
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  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q43101",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.boson",
    "name": "boson",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.4",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.OBJ"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q43101/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.boson",
    "name": "boson",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain bosons, relay statistics, elementary and composite examples, quasiparticles and phenomena from physics sources, describe the named aliases, and distinguish bosons from fermions, the Higgs field itself, force as a classical concept and anyons in two dimensions.",
    "definition": "A particle or quasiparticle with integer spin that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics, so any number can occupy the same quantum state, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, including the elementary gauge bosons that carry forces, the photon, W and Z bosons and gluons, and the Higgs boson discovered at CERN in 2012, composite bosons such as mesons including quarkonium states of a quark and its antiquark, atoms with an even total number of constituent fermions such as helium-4 and Cooper pairs of electrons in superconductors, and quasiparticles such as phonons, quantised lattice vibrations including acoustic, optical and surface phonons. Bosons underlie Bose-Einstein condensates, lasers and superfluidity.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Classifying particles by quantum statistics.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain Bose-Einstein statistics",
      "relay elementary and composite bosons",
      "describe phonons and Cooper pairs",
      "distinguish related particle classes"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Integer spin",
      "Can share quantum states",
      "Force carriers",
      "Condensation phenomena"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible; detected in particle experiments and inferred from material properties.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Integer-spin particle obeying Bose-Einstein statistics",
      "Phonon, acoustic phonon, optical phonon, surface phonon, Cooper pair, quarkonium",
      "Fermions have half-integer spin; the Higgs field is a field; classical force is macroscopic; anyons exist in two dimensions"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "spin",
        "typical_range": "0, 1, 2 and other integers",
        "unit": "note",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Higgs boson discovery",
        "typical_range": "2012",
        "unit": "year",
        "note": "ATLAS and CMS at CERN"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "first Bose-Einstein condensate",
        "typical_range": "1995",
        "unit": "year",
        "note": "Cornell and Wieman"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "gauge bosons",
      "scalar bosons such as the Higgs",
      "mesons and quarkonium",
      "bosonic atoms",
      "quasiparticle bosons such as phonons and magnons"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "quantum particle",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is named after",
        "target": "Satyendra Nath Bose",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "includes",
        "target": "Higgs boson",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "is contrasted with",
        "target": "fermion",
        "why": ""
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No regulation; Particle Data Group reviews"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Confusing composite bosons with elementary ones",
      "Calling the Higgs the God particle without context",
      "Treating quasiparticles as free particles"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain bosons, their spin and statistics, and examples such as photons and the Higgs boson.",
        "Distinguish elementary bosons, composite bosons and quasiparticles."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Present composite bosons as elementary particles.",
        "Call the Higgs boson the God particle without explaining that the nickname is popular, not scientific.",
        "Treat quasiparticles as free particles.",
        "Present speculative particles as discovered."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Publishing a summary of unconfirmed particle physics results."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Accurate science communication protects public trust in research."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Students",
        "Researchers",
        "The public"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the concept; it belongs to physics.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q43101: boson",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43101",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Boson",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
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  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
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        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What a boson is.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
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            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is a boson, and how does it differ from fermions, the Higgs field, classical force and anyons?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about particle physics, condensed matter or history?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "aliases",
            "name": "Aliases",
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            "findings": [
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                "id": "aliases-finding",
                "name": "Aliases",
                "description": "Aliases.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are phonons, Cooper pairs and quarkonium, and why are they bosons?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific boson?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
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      {
        "id": "physics",
        "name": "Physics",
        "description": "Statistics.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
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            "name": "Statistics",
            "description": "Bose-Einstein statistics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "statistics-finding",
                "name": "Statistics",
                "description": "Statistics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do Bose-Einstein statistics differ from Fermi-Dirac statistics?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
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            "id": "spin",
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            "description": "Spin-statistics theorem.",
            "findings": [
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                "id": "spin-finding",
                "name": "Spin-statistics",
                "description": "Spin-statistics.",
                "questions": [
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                    "text": "What does the spin-statistics theorem say?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
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                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
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            "description": "Force carriers.",
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                "name": "Gauge bosons",
                "description": "Gauge bosons.",
                "questions": [
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                    "text": "How do photons, W and Z bosons and gluons mediate forces?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
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                    "text": "Which entry fits gauge boson?",
                    "kind": "action"
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              }
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            "description": "Higgs boson.",
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                "description": "Higgs.",
                "questions": [
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                    "kind": "provenance"
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                    "text": "Which entry fits Higgs boson?",
                    "kind": "action"
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            "name": "Condensates",
            "description": "Bose-Einstein condensates.",
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                "description": "Condensates.",
                "questions": [
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                    "kind": "provenance"
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                    "text": "Which entry fits Bose-Einstein condensate?",
                    "kind": "action"
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            "id": "bose",
            "name": "Bose",
            "description": "Satyendra Nath Bose.",
            "findings": [
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                "id": "bose-finding",
                "name": "Bose",
                "description": "Bose.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did Bose and Einstein develop the statistics in 1924?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits Satyendra Nath Bose?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
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        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should phonon aliases be moved to a phonon entry?",
    "How should Particle Data Group sources be linked?",
    "Should Cooper pairs be a separate entry?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}