{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T16:05:28Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 1,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T18:30:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T13:32:33+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q43109",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.referendum",
    "name": "referendum",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.1",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "INF.KNW"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q43109/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.referendum",
    "name": "referendum",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain referendums and citizens initiatives, describe rules and procedures with official sources, report results neutrally, and help people participate in or understand specific votes.",
    "definition": "A direct vote in which an electorate decides a specific question, such as a constitutional change, law or policy, whether binding or advisory, initiated by governments, legislatures or citizens through initiatives; referendums are governed by constitutional and electoral law and vary widely in use across countries and localities.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Direct democratic decision-making.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain referendum types and rules",
      "find information on a specific referendum",
      "explain how initiatives are launched",
      "report results with official sources"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Direct vote on a question",
      "Binding or advisory",
      "Government- or citizen-initiated",
      "Legally regulated"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical; ballots, campaigns and results.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "A question put to voters",
      "Binding or advisory",
      "Elections choose representatives instead"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "constitutional referendums",
      "legislative and policy referendums",
      "citizens initiatives",
      "local referendums",
      "independence and sovereignty referendums"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "direct democracy",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "voting",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "parliament",
        "why": "representative institutions"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "human rights",
        "why": "political rights"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "National constitutions and referendum laws",
      "Venice Commission Code of Good Practice on Referendums",
      "Electoral commission rules"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Partisan framing",
      "Misinformation about questions and results",
      "Presenting contested legitimacy as settled"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Report the question, rules, dates and official results of a referendum from the electoral authority.",
        "Explain how referendums work in a stated jurisdiction, including thresholds and whether they are binding."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Spread false information about the question, voting procedure or results.",
        "Target voters with deceptive or undisclosed political messaging.",
        "Impersonate an electoral authority or campaign.",
        "Reveal how a person voted or link votes to identities."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Publishing exit polls, projections or result claims before official declaration."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Referendums decide matters directly; misinformation can change outcomes on irreversible questions.",
        "The wording of a question can bias the result."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Voters",
        "Minorities affected by majority votes",
        "Campaigners on all sides"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "The electoral authority that runs it; the legislature or constitution that calls it.",
      "master_systems": [
        "Official election results records"
      ]
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q43109: referendum",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43109",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Referendum",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "rules",
        "name": "Rules",
        "description": "How referendums work.",
        "rationale": "Law defines them.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "types",
            "name": "Types",
            "description": "Kinds of referendum.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "types-finding",
                "name": "Types",
                "description": "Types.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What kinds of referendum exist here, and are they binding?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What thresholds or quorums apply?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "initiatives",
            "name": "Initiatives",
            "description": "Citizens initiatives.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "initiatives-finding",
                "name": "Initiatives",
                "description": "Initiatives.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can citizens launch an initiative, and how many signatures are needed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What happens after the threshold is met?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "vote",
        "name": "Vote",
        "description": "A specific referendum.",
        "rationale": "Official sources.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "question",
            "name": "Question",
            "description": "What is asked.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "question-finding",
                "name": "Question",
                "description": "Question.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is the exact question and its legal effect, according to the official notice?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "When and how can people vote?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "campaigns",
            "name": "Campaigns",
            "description": "Arguments.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "campaigns-finding",
                "name": "Campaigns",
                "description": "Campaigns.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are the main arguments of each side, attributed to the campaigns?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the description balanced?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "results",
        "name": "Results",
        "description": "Outcomes.",
        "rationale": "Report neutrally.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "outcome",
            "name": "Outcome",
            "description": "Results.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "outcome-finding",
                "name": "Outcome",
                "description": "Results.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What was the result, according to the electoral authority, and what turnout?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the result contested or under challenge?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "effect",
            "name": "Effect",
            "description": "Implementation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "effect-finding",
                "name": "Effect",
                "description": "Implementation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What happens after the result, and how is it implemented?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Has implementation been delayed or disputed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "neutral",
        "name": "Neutral",
        "description": "Sensitive votes.",
        "rationale": "Attribution matters.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "legitimacy",
            "name": "Legitimacy",
            "description": "Contested referendums.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "legitimacy-finding",
                "name": "Legitimacy",
                "description": "Contested referendums.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the legitimacy of this referendum disputed, and by whom, including international bodies?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Are positions attributed neutrally?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "debate",
            "name": "Debate",
            "description": "Direct democracy debates.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "debate-finding",
                "name": "Debate",
                "description": "Debates.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do scholars say about the strengths and weaknesses of referendums?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which safeguards are recommended?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should each referendum be a separate entry?",
    "How should electoral commission data be linked?",
    "How should contested votes be described?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}