{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:04:57Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00962914, "turns": 1, "seconds": 140.2, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 96.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b4f-a4d5-7170-a389-165ee2f655dd\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Linum usitatissimum\nRegistry id: vr.tr.linum-usitatissimum\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this " } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T11:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:00:41+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-07T11:33:11+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "definition" ], "answering_review": "2330a6444ccbe30809af5f24805d5c0d5d345c9b2dfe81760ae71a63c30c39f9" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T12:16:33+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q45108", "registryId": "vr.tr.linum-usitatissimum", "name": "Linum usitatissimum", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q45108/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.linum-usitatissimum", "name": "Linum usitatissimum", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Linum usitatissimum, assess its development and condition, and select justified propagation, care, harvest or containment actions.", "definition": "Linum usitatissimum L. is the domesticated annual flax of the family Linaceae, grown for stem bast fibre and highly unsaturated drying oil in the seed, with cultivar ideotypes that are either tall and sparsely branched for fibre or shorter and branched for linseed; the species includes both indehiscent and dehiscent capsule forms, so capsule indehiscence alone does not distinguish it from wild Linum.", "scope_statement": "Owns the species-specific recognition and biological state of plants identified as vr.tr.linum-usitatissimum, including cultivar relationships, reproductive capacity and suitability for intended harvest; observations must distinguish individual plants, sampled organs and stands.", "in_scope": [ "Species identification, supporting observations and unresolved lookalikes", "Cultivar or accession provenance and intended fibre, seed or dual-purpose use", "Germination, vegetative development, flowering, capsule formation and senescence", "Stem architecture, reproductive performance and plant condition", "Propagation, harvest readiness and volunteer management" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Independent models of related Linum species", "Field ownership, farm economics and whole-farm scheduling", "Soil, weather and irrigation-system models beyond linked exposure observations", "Extracted fibre, linen, pressed oil and processed food or feed products", "Pathogen taxonomy and pesticide product authorisations", "Commercial seed-lot grading, storage and certification beyond plant provenance links" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Check annual herbaceous growth, narrow simple leaves and five-parted flowers together; flower colour alone cannot establish identity because blue, pink and white occur. [CFIA botanical description](https://inspection.canada.ca/en/plant-varieties/plants-novel-traits/applicants/directive-94-08/biology-documents/linum-usitatissimum-flax)", "Against Linum marginale, check annual habit, free styles and a capsule longer than the calyx; larger, coarser parts provide supporting evidence in the Sydney regional key. [University of Sydney eFlora](https://eflora.sydney.edu.au/taxon/linum-usitatissimum)", "Inspect mature capsules and seeds: capsules may contain up to ten seeds, with smooth, shiny, flattened oval seeds approximately 4-6 mm long; use this combination as corroboration rather than a standalone identification. [CFIA botanical description](https://inspection.canada.ca/en/plant-varieties/plants-novel-traits/applicants/directive-94-08/biology-documents/linum-usitatissimum-flax)", "Do not separate fibre flax and linseed into different species: taller, less-branched versus shorter, more-branched architecture can support use-type interpretation, but cultivar provenance must resolve uncertain assignments. [CFIA botanical description](https://inspection.canada.ca/en/plant-varieties/plants-novel-traits/applicants/directive-94-08/biology-documents/linum-usitatissimum-flax)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unresolved | provisional | supported | contradicted, with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether species-specific management is justified or further identification is needed." }, { "name": "Cultivar or accession", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Named cultivar or accession and supplier or collection record; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Connects observed plants to expected traits without inferring cultivar from appearance." }, { "name": "Intended harvest", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "fibre | seed for propagation | seed for processing | dual-purpose | conservation | unspecified", "why_it_matters": "Changes which stem and capsule states matter for management." }, { "name": "Developmental stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "germinating | seedling | vegetative | budding | flowering | capsule filling | maturing | senescent | dead", "why_it_matters": "Places observations and possible interventions within the plant's life cycle." }, { "name": "Stem architecture", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Height and unbranched stem length in cm; stem diameter in mm; branch count", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of fibre-oriented growth and structural condition." }, { "name": "Established stand density", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Living plants/m², with sampled area and date", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes isolated plant observations from establishment performance." }, { "name": "Capsule maturity distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Percentage of sampled capsules in explicitly defined maturity classes", "why_it_matters": "Reveals uneven development that a single harvest-ready label would conceal." }, { "name": "Lodging extent", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Percentage of assessed plants leaning or fallen, with angle criterion", "why_it_matters": "Informs access, stem recovery and harvest decisions." }, { "name": "Organ-specific damage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Affected organ, symptom, severity, progression and diagnostic confidence", "why_it_matters": "Separates observed damage from an unconfirmed causal diagnosis." }, { "name": "Propagation-seed performance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Germination percentage with test conditions, sample size and linked seed sample", "why_it_matters": "Supports seed-retention decisions without assuming mature-looking seeds are viable." } ], "affordances": [ "Inspect and sample leaves, flowers, capsules or seeds to resolve identification.", "Sow traceable seed and assess emergence and establishment.", "Adjust care using developmental stage, observed stress and locally supported guidance.", "Select and retain plants or seed for propagation with documented identity.", "Schedule stem or seed harvest against the intended output and observed maturity.", "Monitor and remove unwanted volunteers with attention to reproductive stage." ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Monitor flax crops and report growth, pests and retting progress to the grower.", "Describe uses of flax fibre and linseed oil with correct sources." ], "must_not": [ "Advise eating raw or unripe flax seed in quantity, as it can be harmful.", "Let water retting pollute streams and ponds.", "Store linseed-oil rags in heaps, which can ignite on their own.", "Market linen or linseed products with false claims about origin or health." ], "requires_human": [ "Spraying or treating a flax field with pesticides." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Flax has fed and clothed people for millennia and remains a living tradition.", "Processing it can harm water and workers if done carelessly." ], "affected_parties": [ "Growers and processing workers", "Consumers", "Nearby waterways" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The grower who manages the crop; plant variety registers record named cultivars.", "master_systems": [ "Plant variety registers" ] }, "what_it_is_for": [ "Cultivated flax is grown in agricultural fields for stem fiber, seed or both, depending on the cultivar and production system.", "Its fiber supplies linen and other fiber products, while its seeds supply food ingredients and oil for food or industrial uses.", "It is also encountered in crop breeding, agricultural research and collections of useful plants." ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Council Directive 2002/57/EC, adopted by the Council of the European Union, governs the marketing of oil and fiber plant seed in the European Union and includes flax and linseed." ], "visual_identification": [ "The plant has slender upright stems bearing narrow, simple leaves arranged alternately.", "Flowers typically have five blue petals, although some cultivated forms have white flowers.", "Rounded dry capsules develop after flowering and contain flattened, smooth seeds that are commonly brown or golden.", "These features support identification, but similar flax species require additional botanical characters for reliable separation." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Lodging can leave stems tangled or flattened, reducing harvestability and fiber quality.", "Fungal disease and mold can damage plants or make harvested material unsuitable for its intended use.", "Seed constituents can present ingestion hazards when material is used without an appropriate food or feed suitability assessment.", "Dry stems and accumulated fiber dust can contribute to fire hazards during storage and processing." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "linnaeus-1753", "title": "Species Plantarum, vol. 1, p. 277 (protologue of Linum usitatissimum)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Accepted scientific name, authorship and original circumscription of the cultivated species." }, { "id": "ph-eur-lini-semen", "title": "European Pharmacopoeia monograph Lini semen (flaxseed)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Pharmacopoeial identity of the seed drug, mucilage use, and quality tests used in European pharmacy." }, { "id": "iso-150", "title": "ISO 150: Raw, refined and boiled linseed oil for paints and varnishes - Specifications and methods of test", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Industrial specification of linseed oil, including drying-oil character and iodine-value testing." }, { "id": "cgc-flaxseed", "title": "Official Grain Grading Guide - Flaxseed", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "North American commercial grades, dockage and quality practice for oilseed flax." }, { "id": "cxs-210", "title": "Codex Alimentarius Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (CXS 210-1999), flaxseed (linseed) oil", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Named-oil identity and fatty-acid composition used in food-oil trade." }, { "id": "iso-2370", "title": "ISO 2370: Textiles - Determination of fineness of flax fibres", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Standard method used to characterise flax bast fibre fineness in the textile trade." }, { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q45108: Linum usitatissimum", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45108", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Flax", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "flax-identity", "name": "Flax identity", "description": "Establishes whether observations support identification as Linum usitatissimum.", "rationale": "Common names and similar Linum flowers can conceal a wrong species assignment.", "layers": [ { "id": "diagnostic-organs", "name": "Diagnostic organs", "description": "Connects identification to observable vegetative and reproductive structures.", "findings": [ { "id": "identification-evidence", "name": "Identification evidence", "description": "Record the observed character combination, reference key and organs unavailable for inspection.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which leaf, flower, style, capsule and seed characters support Linum usitatissimum under a key applicable to this locality?", "kind": "definition", "id": "identification-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What photographs, measurements or voucher specimens preserve the identification evidence?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identification-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "lookalike-resolution", "name": "Lookalike resolution", "description": "Tests competing identifications without treating use types as separate species.", "findings": [ { "id": "competing-identifications", "name": "Competing identifications", "description": "Keep unresolved alternatives explicit and specify the next discriminating observation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which locally plausible alternatives, including Linum bienne or perennial Linum species, remain unexcluded?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "competing-identifications-q01" }, { "text": "Which additional organ, expert determination or validated test would resolve the remaining ambiguity?", "kind": "action", "id": "competing-identifications-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cultivar-and-use", "name": "Cultivar and use", "description": "Connects plant provenance and intended outputs to interpretation of its traits.", "rationale": "The same species can be managed for stems, seeds or both, with different assessment priorities.", "layers": [ { "id": "germplasm-origin", "name": "Germplasm origin", "description": "Records the evidence connecting plants to a cultivar, accession or seed source.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-plant-origin", "name": "Traceable plant origin", "description": "Distinguish documented identity from supplier claims and visual guesses.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which seed-source, accession or cultivar record links to these plants?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-plant-origin-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports treating the observed plants as one cultivar rather than a mixture?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "traceable-plant-origin-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "output-priorities", "name": "Output priorities", "description": "Defines the intended harvest and plant traits relevant to it.", "findings": [ { "id": "use-specific-assessment", "name": "Use-specific assessment", "description": "Make intended use explicit before judging stem architecture or reproductive investment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the intended output fibre, propagation seed, processing seed or a specified combination?", "kind": "definition", "id": "use-specific-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "Which measured stem and capsule traits support that objective, and which acceptance criteria remain unverified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "use-specific-assessment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "development-and-reproduction", "name": "Development and reproduction", "description": "Tracks establishment, flowering and production of potentially viable seed.", "rationale": "Interventions depend on actual development and reproductive status rather than calendar age alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "establishment-and-growth", "name": "Establishment and growth", "description": "Separates emergence success, survival and subsequent growth.", "findings": [ { "id": "established-flax-state", "name": "Established flax state", "description": "Record dated stage and stand observations with their sampling extent.", "questions": [ { "text": "What proportion of the observed stand has reached each developmental stage?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "established-flax-state-q01" }, { "text": "How do emergence, survival and stem growth compare with a locally supported expectation for this cultivar and sowing date?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "established-flax-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flowers-capsules-and-seed", "name": "Flowers, capsules and seed", "description": "Tracks reproductive progress and the evidence needed for propagation decisions.", "findings": [ { "id": "reproductive-success", "name": "Reproductive success", "description": "Distinguish flowering, capsule formation, seed filling and demonstrated germination.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the sampled capsule set, filled-seed count and maturity distribution?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reproductive-success-q01" }, { "text": "What seed testing and identity controls are needed before retaining this harvest for propagation?", "kind": "action", "id": "reproductive-success-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "flax-condition", "name": "Flax condition", "description": "Assesses structural damage, stress and suspected disease in relation to flax development.", "rationale": "Poor growth or damaged stems can change both reproductive prospects and harvest suitability.", "layers": [ { "id": "stem-integrity-and-exposure", "name": "Stem integrity and exposure", "description": "Connects lodging and growth changes to recorded environmental exposures.", "findings": [ { "id": "structural-and-stress-state", "name": "Structural and stress state", "description": "Record stem damage and exposure evidence without assuming causation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What fraction of plants is lodged, broken, wilted or prematurely senescent, and at which stage?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "structural-and-stress-state-q01" }, { "text": "Which dated soil-water, temperature or management observations could explain the pattern and warrant further checking?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "structural-and-stress-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "disease-and-pest-assessment", "name": "Disease and pest assessment", "description": "Organises symptom evidence and decisions about diagnostic sampling.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-confidence-and-response", "name": "Diagnostic confidence and response", "description": "Keep suspected flax diseases or pests distinct from confirmed causes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which symptoms and diagnostic results support or contradict suspected flax rust, wilt, pasmo or another cause?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "diagnostic-confidence-and-response-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence justify monitoring, diagnostic sampling or a locally authorised intervention?", "kind": "action", "id": "diagnostic-confidence-and-response-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "harvest-and-persistence", "name": "Harvest and persistence", "description": "Supports output-specific harvest decisions and follow-up of surviving or volunteer plants.", "rationale": "A harvest decision must account for usable plant material, seed maturity and subsequent reproduction.", "layers": [ { "id": "harvest-readiness", "name": "Harvest readiness", "description": "Evaluates stems and capsules against the intended harvest route.", "findings": [ { "id": "harvest-or-defer", "name": "Harvest or defer", "description": "Record the maturity evidence and tradeoffs supporting a harvest decision.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which measured stem condition, capsule maturity and seed moisture criteria apply to the intended output?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "harvest-or-defer-q01" }, { "text": "Should harvest proceed or be deferred, and where does responsibility transfer to the harvested-material or processing model?", "kind": "action", "id": "harvest-or-defer-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "volunteers-and-seed-movement", "name": "Volunteers and seed movement", "description": "Tracks unintended persistence and movement of reproductive material.", "findings": [ { "id": "unwanted-reproduction", "name": "Unwanted reproduction", "description": "Distinguish deliberately retained plants from volunteers and document containment needs.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are plants intentionally cultivated, retained for seed or volunteering outside the intended planting?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "unwanted-reproduction-q01" }, { "text": "What removal timing and follow-up observations are needed to prevent unwanted seed production or movement?", "kind": "action", "id": "unwanted-reproduction-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Fibre flax (linen flax): tall, sparsely branched stands harvested for long bast fibre", "Oilseed flax (linseed): shorter, branched plants harvested for seed oil", "Dual-purpose flax: intermediate types taken for both straw fibre and seed", "Spring-sown flax", "Winter-sown flax", "Brown-seeded linseed", "Yellow-seeded linseed", "Low-linolenic oilseed flax (solin / Linola)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q45108", "note": "Item for Linum usitatissimum" }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "4006", "note": "Taxon ID for the cultivated species" }, { "scheme": "ITIS TSN", "value_or_pattern": "29272", "note": "Integrated Taxonomic Information System taxonomic serial number" }, { "scheme": "IPNI / botanical name", "value_or_pattern": "Linum usitatissimum L.", "note": "Linnaean name; Species Plantarum 1753" }, { "scheme": "USDA PLANTS", "value_or_pattern": "LIUS", "note": "Symbol for Linum usitatissimum" }, { "scheme": "EPPO Code", "value_or_pattern": "LIUUT", "note": "Plant-protection code for Linum usitatissimum" }, { "scheme": "Harmonized System", "value_or_pattern": "1204 (linseed); 5301 (flax fibre, tow and waste); 1515.11 / 1515.19 (linseed oil)", "note": "Customs headings that split seed, bast fibre and oil" }, { "scheme": "CAS", "value_or_pattern": "8001-26-1", "note": "Linseed oil as a commodity substance, not the living plant" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "European Pharmacopoeia, EDQM - monograph Lini semen (flaxseed as a herbal drug)", "ISO 150, International Organization for Standardization - specifications for raw, refined and boiled linseed oil used in paints and varnishes", "ISO 2370, International Organization for Standardization - fineness of flax fibres", "Codex Alimentarius CXS 210-1999, FAO/WHO - named vegetable oils, including flaxseed (linseed) oil composition", "Canadian Grain Commission Official Grain Grading Guide - statutory grades for flaxseed in Canada", "Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 (as amended), European Commission - maximum levels of contaminants in food, relevant because flaxseed can accumulate cadmium", "National feed and food hygiene rules on cyanogenic glycosides - crushed moist seed can release hydrogen cyanide; livestock feeding limits and food-process controls apply in the EU, Canada and elsewhere" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Retted, scutched and hackled stem bast spun into linen yarn and woven as household and apparel linen", "Shorter fibre and tow used in blends, specialty papers (including some cigarette and archival papers) and fibre-reinforced composites", "Whole or milled seed eaten as a food ingredient for mucilage and alpha-linolenic acid", "Cold-pressed or extracted linseed oil used in paints, varnishes, wood finishes, printing inks, putty and linoleum", "Linseed meal remaining after oil extraction fed to livestock as a protein cake", "Pharmacognosy and OTC bulk laxatives based on seed mucilage (Lini semen)", "Boiled linseed oil as a drying binder in traditional oil painting and joinery" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Seed oil content", "typical_range": "35-45", "unit": "% of seed dry mass" }, { "quantity": "Alpha-linolenic acid in conventional linseed oil", "typical_range": "45-65", "unit": "% of total fatty acids" }, { "quantity": "Alpha-linolenic acid in solin/Linola oil", "typical_range": "<5", "unit": "% of total fatty acids" }, { "quantity": "Thousand-seed mass", "typical_range": "4-8", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Plant height, fibre types", "typical_range": "0.8-1.2", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Plant height, oilseed types", "typical_range": "0.4-0.8", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Iodine value of raw linseed oil (Wijs)", "typical_range": "170-200", "unit": "g I2 / 100 g oil" }, { "quantity": "Commercial oilseed yield", "typical_range": "1.2-2.5", "unit": "t/ha" }, { "quantity": "Safe seed storage moisture", "typical_range": "≤8-10", "unit": "% wet basis" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Rags or sanding dust soaked in linseed oil can self-heat and ignite as the oil autoxidises", "Milled flaxseed goes rancid quickly because alpha-linolenic acid oxidises in air", "Crushed moist seed releases hydrogen cyanide from linamarin and lotaustralin; the practical risk is livestock rations and poorly processed foods rather than intact dry seed", "Flaxseed accumulates cadmium on contaminated soils and can fail food-contaminant limits", "Fusarium wilt, pasmo (Septoria linicola / Plenodomus linicola) and flax rust (Melampsora lini) reduce stand and fibre or seed yield", "Over-retting of fibre flax weakens cellulose and ruins long-line fibre; under-retting leaves the fibre stuck to the woody shive", "Tall fibre stands lodge in wind and rain, lowering scutching yield and fibre quality", "High-moisture seed heats and moulds in store" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "In Britain and much of the Commonwealth, 'flax' is the fibre crop and 'linseed' the oilseed crop; in North America both are usually called flax, with 'flaxseed' the food ingredient", "Long-line fibre production is concentrated in northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Belarus, Russia and China", "Oilseed production is dominated by the Canadian Prairies, with large areas also in Russia, Kazakhstan, China and India", "Ethiopian use of roasted ground seed as telba, and Indian culinary and paint use of linseed oil, differ from the mainly industrial-oil and recent health-food uses in Europe and North America" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Linum bienne (pale flax)", "difference": "Wild or weedy progenitor: capsules dehisce and scatter seed; crop flax has indehiscent capsules and an annual, non-shattering habit" }, { "name": "Linum perenne (perennial flax)", "difference": "Perennial life cycle and ornamental use; not the dual-purpose fibre/oil crop" }, { "name": "Camelina sativa (false flax, gold-of-pleasure)", "difference": "A brassica with siliques, not a Linum capsule; seed and oil are a different species despite the shared English name" }, { "name": "Cannabis sativa (hemp)", "difference": "Another temperate bast fibre, separated by palmate leaves, different stem anatomy, and the absence of a linseed-type capsule; cannabinoid tests are irrelevant to flax" }, { "name": "Other drying oils (tung, walnut)", "difference": "Same paint-oil use class; separate by botanical source and fatty-acid profile (eleostearic or other conjugated acids versus flax's high alpha-linolenic acid)" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Linum usitatissimum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional diagnostic keys and validated tests best separate Linum usitatissimum from Linum bienne and local perennial lookalikes when reproductive organs are absent?", "Which cultivar- and region-specific stage definitions, stress thresholds and establishment expectations are sufficiently supported for agent decisions?", "Which maturity and moisture criteria should govern fibre, propagation-seed and processing-seed harvests, particularly when their timing conflicts?", "What evidence is required to infer cultivar purity and manage pollen-mediated admixture under the actual seed-production conditions?", "Which use-specific tests and downstream models must assess seed composition, cyanogenic potential, contaminants and treatment history before food or feed use?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }