{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T04:27:06Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:08:44+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q45190",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.cement",
    "name": "cement",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "PHY.MAT"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q45190/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.cement",
    "name": "cement",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain cement and its types, relay production, standards and properties from engineering sources, describe environmental impact and low-carbon alternatives, and distinguish cement from concrete and mortar.",
    "definition": "A binder that sets and hardens by reaction with water and binds aggregates into concrete and mortar, chiefly Portland cement made by heating limestone and clay to clinker and grinding it with gypsum, classified in Europe by EN 197 into CEM I Portland cement and CEM II to CEM VI blended cements with slag, pozzolana, fly ash, limestone or other additions, and including other cements such as calcium aluminate and geopolymer cements; cement production is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Binding aggregates into concrete and mortar.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain production and types",
      "relay standards and properties",
      "describe environmental impact",
      "distinguish from concrete"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Hydraulic setting",
      "Clinker basis",
      "Standard classes",
      "High emissions"
    ],
    "appearance": "A grey powder that hardens when mixed with water.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Hydraulic binder",
      "CEM I to CEM VI under EN 197, ASTM types, calcium aluminate and geopolymer cements",
      "Concrete is cement plus aggregate; mortar is cement plus sand; lime is a different binder"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "world production",
        "typical_range": "about 4",
        "unit": "billion tonnes",
        "note": "per year"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "clinker kiln temperature",
        "typical_range": "about 1450",
        "unit": "C",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "CO2 per tonne of cement",
        "typical_range": "about 0.6-0.9",
        "unit": "tonnes",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "CEM I Portland cement",
      "CEM II Portland composite cements",
      "CEM III blast furnace cements",
      "CEM IV pozzolanic cements",
      "CEM V composite cements",
      "CEM VI composite cements introduced in 2021",
      "ASTM cement types I to V",
      "calcium aluminate, sulfoaluminate and geopolymer cements"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "binder",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "building material",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "binds",
        "target": "concrete",
        "why": "and mortar"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is classified by",
        "target": "EN 197-1",
        "why": "into CEM classes"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "EN",
        "value_or_pattern": "197-1",
        "note": "common cements"
      },
      {
        "scheme": "ASTM",
        "value_or_pattern": "C150",
        "note": "Portland cement"
      },
      {
        "scheme": "HS",
        "value_or_pattern": "2523",
        "note": "cement"
      }
    ],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "EN 197 and ASTM C150 cement standards",
      "Emissions regulation and carbon pricing for cement kilns",
      "Chromium VI limits in cement",
      "CE marking of construction products"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Skin burns and dermatitis from wet cement",
      "High carbon emissions",
      "Confusing cement with concrete",
      "Alkali-silica reaction in concrete"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain cement types and how cement sets, from industry and standards sources.",
        "Relay safety data on wet cement and dust.",
        "Distinguish cement from concrete and mortar."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Let people handle wet cement without skin and eye protection.",
        "Present cement as concrete or the reverse in specifications.",
        "Use a cement type outside its specified application in structural work.",
        "Wash cement waste into drains or watercourses."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Approving cement or concrete mixes for structural use."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Wet cement causes severe chemical burns that workers often underestimate.",
        "Cement production is a large source of carbon emissions."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Construction workers",
        "Building users",
        "Communities near plants"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the material; the producer answers for each product.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q45190: cement",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Cement",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What cement is.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition and production.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is cement, and how is Portland clinker made and ground?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about cement, concrete, mortar or lime?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "types",
            "name": "Types",
            "description": "Types and classes.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "types-finding",
                "name": "Types",
                "description": "Types.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do CEM I to CEM VI and ASTM types differ, and what are calcium aluminate and geopolymer cements?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific class?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "use",
        "name": "Use",
        "description": "Properties and use.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "properties",
            "name": "Properties",
            "description": "Hydration and properties.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "properties-finding",
                "name": "Properties",
                "description": "Properties.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does cement hydrate, and what determines setting time and strength?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "selection",
            "name": "Selection",
            "description": "Selection.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "selection-finding",
                "name": "Selection",
                "description": "Selection.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is a cement class chosen for exposure, durability and sustainability?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits concrete mix design?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "impact",
        "name": "Impact",
        "description": "Environment and safety.",
        "rationale": "Regulation.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "emissions",
            "name": "Emissions",
            "description": "Emissions.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "emissions-finding",
                "name": "Emissions",
                "description": "Emissions.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Why does cement emit so much CO2, and what low-carbon cements and carbon capture options exist, with positions attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "safety",
            "name": "Safety",
            "description": "Safety.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "safety-finding",
                "name": "Safety",
                "description": "Safety.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What safety rules apply to handling cement and to kiln operations?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits construction safety?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "History and industry.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did cement develop from Roman pozzolana to Aspdin Portland cement and modern kilns?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the history of cement?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "industry",
            "name": "Industry",
            "description": "Industry.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "industry-finding",
                "name": "Industry",
                "description": "Industry.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is the cement industry structured, and who are the major producers?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits cement industry?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should Portland cement and geopolymer cement be separate primary entries?",
    "How should standards be linked?",
    "The registry entry has merged aliases naming CEM classes; should they be split off?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}