{
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  "publication": {
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    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T09:12:59Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 1,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
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      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T16:30:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T13:21:44+00:00",
      "fields": [
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        "ethics",
        "owners"
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    "gate": {
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      "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
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        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
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  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q46857",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.scientific-method",
    "name": "scientific method",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.1",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "INF.KNW"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
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  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q46857/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.scientific-method",
    "name": "scientific method",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain the scientific method by steps, variants, evidence quality and limits, and help evaluate claims.",
    "definition": "A systematic approach to building knowledge through observation, forming hypotheses, making predictions, testing them by experiment or observation, and revising theories, with controls, replication and peer review.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Producing reliable, testable knowledge.",
    "affordances": [
      "design a fair test",
      "evaluate study quality",
      "distinguish science from pseudoscience",
      "teach scientific thinking"
    ],
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      "Controls and replication",
      "Open to revision",
      "Not a single fixed recipe"
    ],
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    "visual_identification": [
      "Hypothesis, prediction, test, conclusion",
      "Controls and blinding such as sham comparators",
      "Methods vary by field"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "hypothetico-deductive method",
      "experimental method with controls",
      "observational and field methods",
      "computational and modelling methods",
      "meta-analysis and systematic review"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "scholarly method",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is used by",
        "target": "science",
        "why": "practice"
      },
      {
        "relation": "produces",
        "target": "evidence",
        "why": "output"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "inference",
        "why": "reasoning"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Research integrity codes",
      "Reporting guidelines such as CONSORT and PRISMA",
      "Research ethics review"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Confirmation bias",
      "p-hacking and selective reporting",
      "Overclaiming from single studies"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain the scientific method and how it builds and corrects knowledge.",
        "Help researchers design, document and check analyses."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Fabricate, falsify or selectively report data.",
        "Present a hypothesis or preliminary result as established fact.",
        "Claim scientific backing for a statement that lacks evidence.",
        "Run experiments on people or animals without ethical approval and consent."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Approving research involving human participants or animals.",
        "Retracting or correcting published work."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Science depends on honesty; misconduct harms everyone who relies on the results.",
        "Research subjects must be protected by consent and ethical review."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Research participants and animals",
        "The public",
        "Other scientists"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns it; scientific communities, journals and research ethics bodies uphold its norms.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q46857: scientific method",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46857",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Scientific method",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "steps",
        "name": "Steps",
        "description": "How it works.",
        "rationale": "Steps structure inquiry.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "hypothesis",
            "name": "Hypothesis",
            "description": "Testable claim.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "hypothesis-finding",
                "name": "Hypothesis",
                "description": "Hypothesis.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is the hypothesis testable and falsifiable?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What prediction follows?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "test",
            "name": "Test",
            "description": "Experiment or observation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "test-finding",
                "name": "Test",
                "description": "Testing.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is the prediction tested, with which controls?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How large is the sample?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "quality",
        "name": "Quality",
        "description": "Evidence strength.",
        "rationale": "Quality varies.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "design",
            "name": "Design",
            "description": "Controls and blinding.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "design-finding",
                "name": "Design",
                "description": "Study design.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Does the design control for bias, for example with randomisation or blinding?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Was it preregistered?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "replication",
            "name": "Replication",
            "description": "Confirmation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "replication-finding",
                "name": "Replication",
                "description": "Replication.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Has the result been replicated independently?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is there a systematic review?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "evaluation",
        "name": "Evaluation",
        "description": "Claims.",
        "rationale": "Claims need checking.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "claims",
            "name": "Claims",
            "description": "Science or not.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "claims-finding",
                "name": "Claims",
                "description": "Evaluating claims.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Is a claim based on scientific method or on anecdote?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What evidence supports it?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "uncertainty",
            "name": "Uncertainty",
            "description": "Limits.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "uncertainty-finding",
                "name": "Uncertainty",
                "description": "Uncertainty.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are the limits and uncertainties?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Are they reported?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "teaching",
        "name": "Teaching",
        "description": "Learning.",
        "rationale": "Scientific thinking can be taught.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "fair-test",
            "name": "Fair test",
            "description": "Activities.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "fair-test-finding",
                "name": "Fair test",
                "description": "Fair tests.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How can a fair test be designed at school?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which variables are controlled?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "variants",
            "name": "Variants",
            "description": "Across fields.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "variants-finding",
                "name": "Variants",
                "description": "Field variants.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does the method differ across fields?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is there one scientific method?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should method variants be separate entries?",
    "How should reporting guidelines be linked?",
    "How should field differences be recorded?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}
