{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T20:28:17Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T06:57:49+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q5248585",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.debt-to-income-ratio",
    "name": "debt-to-income ratio",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.REL"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q5248585/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.debt-to-income-ratio",
    "name": "debt-to-income ratio",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain how the debt-to-income ratio is defined and calculated, relay typical limits and regulatory uses in general terms, distinguish it from loan-to-value and debt-service ratios, and route personal borrowing decisions to licensed advisers.",
    "definition": "A ratio used in lending that compares a borrower recurring monthly debt payments, or in some definitions total debt, with gross monthly income, expressed as a percentage; lenders and regulators use it to judge affordability of mortgages and other loans, with limits that vary by country, lender and product.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Judging whether a borrower can afford repayments.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain the definitions and calculation",
      "relay typical limits and regulatory uses",
      "distinguish it from related ratios",
      "route personal borrowing questions to advisers"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Ratio of debt to income",
      "Payment-based or stock-based definitions",
      "Used by lenders and macroprudential regulators",
      "Limits vary by jurisdiction"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible; a percentage on a loan application.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Debt payments or total debt divided by income",
      "Used in affordability assessments",
      "Loan-to-value compares loan with property value; debt-service ratios include different payments"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "common mortgage limits",
        "typical_range": "about 36-45",
        "unit": "percent",
        "note": "payment-based ratio; varies by lender and country"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "macroprudential caps",
        "typical_range": "multiples of annual income, about 3.5-5",
        "unit": "ratio",
        "note": "in some countries"
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "payment-based debt-to-income ratio",
      "stock-based debt-to-income or loan-to-income ratio",
      "front-end and back-end ratios in US mortgage lending",
      "regulatory loan-to-income caps",
      "household debt-to-income at the macro level"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "leverage ratio",
        "why": "a financial ratio"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is used in",
        "target": "mortgage lending",
        "why": "affordability assessment"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is confused with",
        "target": "loan-to-value ratio",
        "why": "a different measure"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is set by",
        "target": "financial regulator",
        "why": "macroprudential limits"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "Mortgage lending rules and affordability assessments",
      "Macroprudential loan-to-income limits in some countries",
      "Consumer credit law on responsible lending"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Comparing ratios with different definitions",
      "Overborrowing despite passing the ratio",
      "Agents giving personal financial advice"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Compute a debt-to-income ratio from figures a person has supplied, stating which definition is used.",
        "Explain how lenders and regulators use the ratio and its limits."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Give personal advice on whether to borrow or which loan to take.",
        "Compare ratios calculated under different definitions as if they were the same.",
        "Treat a passing ratio as proof that a loan is affordable.",
        "Use a person's income or debt data for anything beyond the calculation they asked for."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Deciding to grant or refuse credit on the basis of the ratio."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "The ratio gates access to housing and credit and can shut out people with irregular incomes.",
        "Income and debt figures are sensitive personal data."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Borrowers",
        "Lenders",
        "Households"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the measure; lenders apply it and financial regulators may set limits.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q5248585: debt-to-income ratio",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5248585",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Debt-to-income ratio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-to-income_ratio",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "define",
        "name": "Define",
        "description": "What the ratio is.",
        "rationale": "Definition.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definitions.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is the ratio defined and calculated, and which debts and income count?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the user asking whether they can afford a loan, which needs a licensed adviser?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "related",
            "name": "Related",
            "description": "Related ratios.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "related-finding",
                "name": "Related",
                "description": "Related.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does it differ from loan-to-value, loan-to-income and debt-service ratios?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the related ratio?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "use",
        "name": "Use",
        "description": "Lending use.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "lenders",
            "name": "Lenders",
            "description": "Lender limits.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "lenders-finding",
                "name": "Lenders",
                "description": "Lenders.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What limits do lenders typically apply, and how do they vary by product?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources give current limits?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "regulators",
            "name": "Regulators",
            "description": "Regulatory use.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "regulators-finding",
                "name": "Regulators",
                "description": "Regulators.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do regulators use income-based limits for financial stability?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits macroprudential policy?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "interpret",
        "name": "Interpret",
        "description": "Interpretation and limits.",
        "rationale": "Caution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "meaning",
            "name": "Meaning",
            "description": "What it shows.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "meaning-finding",
                "name": "Meaning",
                "description": "Meaning.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What does the ratio show and not show about affordability?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "macro",
            "name": "Macro",
            "description": "Household debt.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "macro-finding",
                "name": "Macro",
                "description": "Macro.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is household debt-to-income measured at national level, and where is it published?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "History and debate.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did income-based lending limits develop, especially after the 2008 crisis?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits mortgage regulation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "debate",
            "name": "Debate",
            "description": "Debates.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "debate-finding",
                "name": "Debate",
                "description": "Debate.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What debates exist about income limits and access to housing, with positions attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the presentation neutral?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should loan-to-income caps be a separate entry?",
    "How should regulatory rules be linked by country?",
    "How should definitions be recorded per lender?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}