{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T10:05:54Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 19.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a09513-7570-7f43-a74a-a4a66bd5a80b\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n#", "usd": 0.0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 79.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a09513-7577-7e30-988a-74ba2ca225fb\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution\nRegistry id: vr.tr.great-anti-buddhist-persecution\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)" } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T12:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:44:31+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "failure_modes_and_hazards", "owners", "visual_identification" ] }, "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:31+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q5598658", "registryId": "vr.tr.great-anti-buddhist-persecution", "name": "Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q5598658/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.great-anti-buddhist-persecution", "name": "Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify, reconstruct and assess claims about the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution while distinguishing imperial orders, local enforcement and documented consequences.", "definition": "The Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution was a state-directed suppression of Buddhism under Emperor Wuzong of China's Tang dynasty, culminating in 845 CE, that closed monasteries, confiscated religious property and forced many monks and nuns to return to lay life.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the historical suppression campaign associated with Tang emperor Wuzong and its constituent actions, conventionally dated 842-845 with a narrower usage referring to the suppression of 845; both usages require explicit boundaries. See [Hui-ch'ang Persecution](https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/H/70).", "in_scope": [ "Campaign chronology, including distinctions between preliminary restrictions, intensified suppression and termination.", "Imperial directives, administrative transmission and locally documented enforcement.", "Treatment of Buddhist clergy, monasteries, property and religious materials.", "Attributed justifications and competing explanations for the campaign.", "Evidence for institutional losses, survival and directly connected restoration." ], "out_of_scope": [ "The complete biography and reign of Emperor Wuzong.", "Buddhist doctrine and Chinese Buddhist history beyond their direct connection to the campaign.", "Other imperial persecutions of Buddhism as independent events.", "Daoism or Confucianism as whole traditions.", "Independent histories of other religious communities affected by Tang religious policy.", "Long-term Buddhist developments without a demonstrated connection to this campaign." ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Requires a connection to Wuzong's Tang suppression campaign, distinguishing this event from the other imperial persecutions grouped with it. See [Four imperial persecutions](https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/F/165).", "Distinguishes the broader campaign from its 845 culmination rather than treating every use of the event name as having identical dates.", "Tests whether an occurrence concerns coercive restrictions on Buddhist institutions, personnel or resources rather than criticism of Buddhist teachings alone.", "Requires evidence connecting a local closure, confiscation or forced return to lay life to the campaign; temporal coincidence alone is insufficient.", "Records measures against other religious communities as connected actions only when their administrative or documentary relationship to this campaign is established." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Chronological boundary", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Broader campaign; 845 culmination; directly connected aftermath; disputed attribution", "why_it_matters": "Prevents sources using different event boundaries from appearing to describe incompatible events." }, { "name": "Action date", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Original calendar expression and converted CE date or interval, with conversion uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Separates the dating of an order, its receipt and its implementation." }, { "name": "Administrative reach", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Issuing authority → implementing jurisdiction → affected institution or population", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes claimed imperial reach from demonstrated local enforcement." }, { "name": "Suppression mechanism", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Clerical status restriction; forced laicization; closure; demolition; confiscation; material restriction; other documented measure", "why_it_matters": "Prevents distinct forms of coercion from being collapsed into an undifferentiated destruction count." }, { "name": "Implementation state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Ordered; reported implemented; independently corroborated; exempted; evaded; reversed; unknown", "why_it_matters": "An edict establishes an instruction but does not by itself establish compliance." }, { "name": "Reported affected quantity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Persons, institutions, parcels, area or material mass, retaining source units, date, coverage and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Makes aggregate claims comparable without assuming their categories or geographical coverage coincide." }, { "name": "Explanatory attribution", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Contemporary stated justification; contemporary allegation; later historical interpretation; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Keeps official rhetoric separate from an analyst's explanation of motives." }, { "name": "Institutional trajectory", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Continued; restricted; closed; repurposed; physically destroyed; reopened; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Separates legal status, physical survival and subsequent religious use." } ], "affordances": [ "Determine whether a newly encountered decree, narrative or site history belongs to this campaign.", "Build a chronology separating orders from documented implementation and reversal.", "Trace a monastery, clerical group or property holding through suppression and directly connected restoration.", "Compare reported losses while preserving units, source dependencies and uncertainty.", "Evaluate competing causal explanations against the actions and evidence they explain.", "Flag unsupported assertions and identify the source or local evidence needed to resolve them." ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Describe the persecution, its causes and consequences from historical sources.", "Distinguish it from other suppressions of religion in Chinese history." ], "must_not": [ "Use the event to justify present-day religious persecution.", "Present one religious or political narrative as settled fact.", "Disparage Buddhists or other religious communities." ], "requires_human": [ "Publishing new interpretations used in contemporary religious disputes." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Religious persecution harmed monks, nuns and lay believers; their memory deserves respect.", "Historical events are used in present-day debates about religion and the state." ], "affected_parties": [ "Buddhist communities", "Historians", "Readers" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "Nobody owns a historical event; archives and scholars hold its records.", "master_systems": [] }, "visual_identification": [ "Known through historical texts and records rather than physical sight.", "Traces include destroyed or rebuilt temple sites and lost artefacts." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Distortion can fuel religious intolerance.", "Loss of cultural heritage is irreversible." ], "what_it_is_for": [ "This historical episode is studied in accounts of Tang government, Chinese Buddhism and relations between religious institutions and imperial power.", "It provides a case for examining religious suppression, property confiscation and differences between central orders and local enforcement." ], "facets_not_applicable": { "interfaces": "No technical standard or present-day regulatory classification directly governs this historical episode." } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q5598658: Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5598658", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Huichang persecution of Buddhism", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "campaign-identity-and-chronology", "name": "Campaign identity and chronology", "description": "Establishes which historical actions the registered event includes and how they are dated.", "rationale": "The broader suppression campaign and its 845 culmination can share a name while denoting different spans.", "layers": [ { "id": "names-and-event-boundaries", "name": "Names and event boundaries", "description": "Connects naming variants to explicitly bounded uses of the event.", "findings": [ { "id": "huichang-event-reference", "name": "Huichang event reference", "description": "Record whether a source uses Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution or Huichang persecution for the broader campaign or a narrower episode.", "questions": [ { "text": "What dates and actions does this source include under its name for the persecution?", "kind": "definition", "id": "huichang-event-reference-q01" }, { "text": "Does this reference identify Wuzong's campaign, another imperial persecution or a collective category?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "huichang-event-reference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "orders-and-turning-points", "name": "Orders and turning points", "description": "Reconstructs escalation and termination without assigning one date to every locality.", "findings": [ { "id": "dated-campaign-sequence", "name": "Dated campaign sequence", "description": "Represent restrictions, intensified measures and reversals as individually dated actions with explicit calendar conversions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What original date supports each restriction or reversal, and how was it converted to the CE calendar?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "dated-campaign-sequence-q01" }, { "text": "Does the recorded date mark promulgation, local implementation or retrospective reporting?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "dated-campaign-sequence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authority-and-enforcement", "name": "Authority and enforcement", "description": "Connects imperial decisions to the officials, jurisdictions and exceptions involved in implementation.", "rationale": "A campaign attributed to one emperor still requires evidence for how particular coercive actions were authorized and carried out.", "layers": [ { "id": "imperial-policy-and-justification", "name": "Imperial policy and justification", "description": "Separates operative instructions from their rhetoric and subsequent explanations.", "findings": [ { "id": "directive-and-motive-attribution", "name": "Directive and motive attribution", "description": "Record the content and attribution of directives while treating fiscal, religious and political explanations as claims requiring support.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which surviving text identifies the issuing authority, targets and required actions of this directive?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "directive-and-motive-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "Is a proposed fiscal, religious or political motive stated in contemporary evidence or inferred by a later interpreter?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "directive-and-motive-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "local-application-and-exceptions", "name": "Local application and exceptions", "description": "Tracks differences between central instructions and jurisdiction-specific outcomes.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-enforcement-path", "name": "Documented enforcement path", "description": "Connect implementing actors to particular monasteries or communities and retain evidence of exemptions, delay or noncompliance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence shows that a named official or jurisdiction implemented this measure against a particular target?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-enforcement-path-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence permits an agent to classify the measure as implemented, exempted, evaded or unknown?", "kind": "action", "id": "documented-enforcement-path-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "clerical-and-material-interventions", "name": "Clerical and material interventions", "description": "Distinguishes changes to religious personnel from changes to institutions, holdings and sacred objects.", "rationale": "Forced changes of status and transfers or destruction of property produce different harms and require different evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "clerical-status-and-community-treatment", "name": "Clerical status and community treatment", "description": "Records whom measures targeted and what happened to their religious and civil standing.", "findings": [ { "id": "targeted-persons-and-status-changes", "name": "Targeted persons and status changes", "description": "Distinguish compulsory return to lay status, displacement and other documented treatment without inferring physical injury from administrative categories.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which categories of monks, nuns or other persons were targeted, and what exemptions did the measure specify?", "kind": "definition", "id": "targeted-persons-and-status-changes-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes the actual status change or treatment of those persons beyond the order itself?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "targeted-persons-and-status-changes-q02" }, { "text": "If another religious community appears in the account, what connects its treatment to this campaign?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "targeted-persons-and-status-changes-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "monasteries-property-and-objects", "name": "Monasteries, property and objects", "description": "Follows institutional closure and the disposition of associated assets.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-and-asset-disposition", "name": "Institution and asset disposition", "description": "Record closure, demolition, repurposing, confiscation and material reuse as distinct actions tied to identifiable institutions or holdings.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the evidence describe withdrawal of authorization, closure, physical demolition or a combination of these?", "kind": "definition", "id": "institution-and-asset-disposition-q01" }, { "text": "What became of the institution's land, buildings, images, texts or other assets, and which source traces that disposition?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "institution-and-asset-disposition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-reported-magnitude", "name": "Evidence and reported magnitude", "description": "Assesses documentary perspectives and the meaning of numerical claims about the suppression.", "rationale": "Apparent agreement between accounts may reflect shared sources, while reported totals may count different institutional categories.", "layers": [ { "id": "textual-witnesses-and-dependence", "name": "Textual witnesses and dependence", "description": "Identifies how accounts were produced, transmitted and translated.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-transmission-and-perspective", "name": "Claim transmission and perspective", "description": "Attach claims to passages and distinguish eyewitness observation, transmitted directives, retrospective compilation and modern interpretation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who produced the account, when, and with what access to the event being described?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "claim-transmission-and-perspective-q01" }, { "text": "Are corroborating accounts independent, or do they reproduce the same earlier passage or translation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "claim-transmission-and-perspective-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "counting-losses-and-coverage", "name": "Counting losses and coverage", "description": "Preserves the definitions, coverage and uncertainty behind totals.", "findings": [ { "id": "comparable-suppression-totals", "name": "Comparable suppression totals", "description": "Record reported numbers without assuming that monasteries, temples, shrines or clerical categories are interchangeable or mutually exclusive.", "questions": [ { "text": "What original term, geographical coverage and reporting interval define each reported count?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "comparable-suppression-totals-q01" }, { "text": "What overlap, source dependence or uncertainty must be resolved before an agent can combine these quantities?", "kind": "action", "id": "comparable-suppression-totals-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "termination-restoration-and-legacy", "name": "Termination, restoration and legacy", "description": "Distinguishes cessation of suppression from recovery and tests claims about lasting effects.", "rationale": "Policy reversal does not establish that institutions recovered their personnel, assets or former functions.", "layers": [ { "id": "reversal-and-institutional-recovery", "name": "Reversal and institutional recovery", "description": "Connects changes in policy to documented trajectories of affected institutions.", "findings": [ { "id": "restoration-versus-continuity", "name": "Restoration versus continuity", "description": "Distinguish uninterrupted survival, legal reopening, physical reconstruction and restoration of holdings.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which evidence establishes when a particular restriction ceased to apply?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "restoration-versus-continuity-q01" }, { "text": "Did an affected institution resume religious activity, recover its property or only retain its name or site?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "restoration-versus-continuity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "long-term-effects-and-attribution", "name": "Long-term effects and attribution", "description": "Tests whether later institutional or religious changes can be connected to the campaign.", "findings": [ { "id": "bounded-consequence-claims", "name": "Bounded consequence claims", "description": "Evaluate proposed lasting effects through dated evidence and plausible mechanisms while retaining alternative explanations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence connects a claimed later decline, survival pattern or redistribution to this persecution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "bounded-consequence-claims-q01" }, { "text": "Where does a consequence claim extend beyond this event into the independent history of a Buddhist tradition or institution?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "bounded-consequence-claims-q02" }, { "text": "What additional evidence would justify accepting, qualifying or rejecting the proposed causal connection?", "kind": "action", "id": "bounded-consequence-claims-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The climax in 845 CE is well established; broader date ranges depend on which preliminary restrictions and subsequent reversals are included.", "Reported totals of closed monasteries and laicized clergy should be checked against their historical sources and counting categories.", "The relative importance of fiscal pressures, monastic tax privileges, Daoist patronage and hostility toward foreign religions requires careful attribution to historical scholarship." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Imperial suppression edicts issued under Tang Emperor Wuzong, especially in 845 CE, ordered extensive monastery closures, property confiscation and compulsory return of Buddhist clergy to lay status." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "A historical case for studying relations between imperial government, religious institutions and monastic wealth.", "A reference point in explaining changes in Chinese Buddhist institutions during the late Tang period." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Destruction and dispersal of religious buildings, images, texts and institutional collections.", "Forced displacement of religious communities and loss of clerical status and livelihoods.", "Suppression also affected other religions regarded as foreign, including forms of Christianity, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Four Buddhist Persecutions in China", "difference": "A collective historical grouping of several imperial persecutions; Wuzong's campaign is one constituent episode." }, { "name": "Huichang persecution", "difference": "An alternative name for the same campaign, referring to Wuzong's Huichang reign era." }, { "name": "Emperor Wuzong of Tang", "difference": "The ruler who directed the suppression, rather than the suppression itself." }, { "name": "Anti-Buddhism", "difference": "The broader category of opposition to Buddhism; this persecution was a particular imperial campaign." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which starting and ending actions best delimit the broader campaign, and how should sources using only the 845 episode be reconciled with that boundary?", "How uneven was enforcement across Tang jurisdictions, and which regional gaps reflect missing evidence rather than absence of suppression?", "What original categories and documentary dependencies underlie frequently repeated totals for affected clergy and religious establishments?", "How much explanatory weight should be assigned to fiscal objectives, religious commitments and political control, given the difference between stated justifications and inferred motives?", "Which post-campaign changes demonstrate lasting consequences, and which instead reflect incomplete restoration or independent later developments?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 15, "questions": 27 } }