{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T21:45:44Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 2,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-05T23:50:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-05T20:50:09+00:00",
      "fields": [
        "agent_conduct",
        "ethics",
        "owners"
      ]
    },
    "gate": {
      "passed": true,
      "version": "1.0",
      "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:02+00:00",
      "evidence": [
        "completeness 1.00",
        "sense: Wikidata description",
        "2 live sources",
        "review by codex: pass"
      ]
    }
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q772532",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.peering",
    "name": "peering",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.2",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.REL"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q772532/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.peering",
    "name": "peering",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain internet peering and how it differs from transit, describe peering policies, exchange points and agreements, support network operators in general terms, and describe regulatory debates neutrally.",
    "definition": "The voluntary interconnection of separate internet networks to exchange traffic between their customers directly, either settlement-free or paid, over private links or at internet exchange points, governed by peering agreements and policies; peering reduces cost and latency, shapes internet topology and is a subject of network economics and regulation.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Direct traffic exchange between networks.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain peering versus transit",
      "describe exchange points and agreements",
      "support peering strategy in general terms",
      "describe regulatory debates neutrally"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Bilateral or multilateral",
      "Settlement-free or paid",
      "Policy-governed",
      "BGP-based"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not physical as such; cross-connects, exchange switches and BGP sessions.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Direct interconnection between networks",
      "Exchange of customer traffic only",
      "Transit provides access to the whole internet for a fee"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "settlement-free peering",
      "paid peering",
      "public peering at exchange points",
      "private peering",
      "content and eyeball network peering"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "network connection",
        "why": "category"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "last mile",
        "why": "other end of the network"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "internet exchange point",
        "why": "venue"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "cooperation",
        "why": "voluntary interconnection"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "BGP and routing standards",
      "Peering policies and agreements",
      "Telecommunications interconnection regulation"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Peering disputes causing congestion",
      "Route leaks and hijacks",
      "Market power in interconnection"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Report public peering policies and exchange point memberships from published sources.",
        "Monitor routes and peering sessions on networks it is authorized to operate."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Announce routes it is not authorized to originate, or leak routes learned from peers.",
        "Change peering sessions or policies on a network it does not operate.",
        "Disclose confidential peering agreement terms.",
        "Degrade traffic to pressure a peer in ways that harm end users."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Starting, ending or changing paid or settlement-free peering.",
        "De-peering a network during a dispute."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Peering disputes make users suffer slow service for business conflicts.",
        "Route hijacks can expose or block traffic of millions."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Internet users",
        "Network operators",
        "Businesses relying on connectivity"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "The network operators party to each agreement; exchange points run their shared fabrics.",
      "master_systems": [
        "Internet routing registries",
        "Peering databases"
      ]
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q772532: peering",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772532",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: Peering",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What peering is.",
        "rationale": "Concepts.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "concept",
            "name": "Concept",
            "description": "Peering and transit.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "concept-finding",
                "name": "Concept",
                "description": "Concept.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does peering differ from transit, and why do networks peer?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What are settlement-free and paid peering?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "venues",
            "name": "Venues",
            "description": "Where peering happens.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "venues-finding",
                "name": "Venues",
                "description": "Venues.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are internet exchange points and private interconnects, and how do they work?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which exchange points serve this region?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "operate",
        "name": "Operate",
        "description": "Running peering.",
        "rationale": "Practice.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "policy",
            "name": "Policy",
            "description": "Peering policies.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "policy-finding",
                "name": "Policy",
                "description": "Policy.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do peering policies typically require, such as traffic ratios, presence and routing hygiene?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How is a peering request made and evaluated?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "technical",
            "name": "Technical",
            "description": "Technical setup.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "technical-finding",
                "name": "Technical",
                "description": "Technical.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is a peering session configured with BGP, route servers and filtering, in general terms?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How are route leaks and hijacks prevented?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "economics",
        "name": "Economics",
        "description": "Economics and disputes.",
        "rationale": "Attribution.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "economics",
            "name": "Economics",
            "description": "Peering economics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "economics-finding",
                "name": "Economics",
                "description": "Economics.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do networks decide between peering and transit economically?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How have content networks changed peering?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "disputes",
            "name": "Disputes",
            "description": "Disputes and regulation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "disputes-finding",
                "name": "Disputes",
                "description": "Disputes.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are documented peering disputes, and what are the attributed positions on regulating interconnection?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the presentation neutral?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "Study.",
        "rationale": "Education.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "data",
            "name": "Data",
            "description": "Peering data.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "data-finding",
                "name": "Data",
                "description": "Data.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "Which databases and measurements describe peering relationships and internet topology?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "How is topology inferred?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did peering develop from early network interconnection to today?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which events were formative?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should internet exchange points be a separate entry?",
    "How should peering databases be linked?",
    "How should regulatory positions be attributed?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}