{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:01:04Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01140428, "turns": 1, "seconds": 169.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 79.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c26-08a2-74a0-b5e2-eee8955701cd\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cellulose\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cellulose\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Ver" } }, "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T12:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T08:02:18+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-07T11:40:23+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "agent_conduct" ], "answering_review": "419f1a68bda544cfd2734c710cc8269cd28129333543e398c35a076116ddad15" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T12:16:34+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "3 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q80294", "registryId": "vr.tr.cellulose", "name": "cellulose", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q80294/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cellulose", "name": "cellulose", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise cellulose, assess the condition and suitability of a particular material, and identify handling or transformation options supported by evidence.", "definition": "Linear unsubstituted (1→4)-β-D-glucan whose chains pack, via intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, into crystalline microfibrils; it is the principal load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and is also produced by some algae, oomycetes and bacteria.", "scope_statement": "This model owns cellulose as a material constituent or characterised material lot, including its molecular identity, physical organisation, composition, condition and response to processing; it distinguishes properties of cellulose itself from those of its source organism, formulation or finished product.", "in_scope": [ "Evidence that the material contains cellulose and the basis for identifying it", "Chain length, chain integrity and chemical modification relevant to cellulose identity", "Crystalline organisation and physical forms such as fibres, powders, regenerated cellulose and nanocellulose", "Cellulose fraction, associated substances, moisture and contamination", "Condition and suitability for specified handling, separation or transformation operations" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Biology and cultivation of cellulose-producing plants or microorganisms", "Whole wood, pulp, paper, textiles and composites beyond their cellulose constituent", "Chemically substituted cellulose derivatives as independently identified materials", "Equipment and complete industrial process models", "Finished-product certification, clinical suitability and application-specific regulatory approval" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine whether analytical evidence supports a beta-(1→4)-linked D-glucose backbone rather than the alpha-linked backbone associated with starch.", "Distinguish cellulose from hemicellulose and lignin using evidence of constituent chemistry and composition rather than plant origin or fibrous appearance.", "Check for covalent substitution that would identify a cellulose derivative; distinguish this from physical regeneration, absorbed substances or a surface coating.", "Distinguish a cellulose constituent from a cellulose-containing mixture by reporting the cellulose fraction and the analytical basis for that fraction.", "Distinguish fibres, microcrystalline cellulose and nanocellulose using preparation history and measured morphology rather than treating their names as interchangeable." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identity evidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Analytical method, observed signature, reference comparison and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Prevents source labels or visual appearance from being treated as proof of cellulose identity." }, { "name": "Cellulose content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass fraction or wt%; specify dry or as-received basis and analytical method", "why_it_matters": "Separates properties attributable to cellulose from those of a mixture." }, { "name": "Degree of polymerisation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless; specify averaging convention, method and distribution when available", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of chain degradation and processing suitability." }, { "name": "Chemical modification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Modification type, location, extent and evidence; unmodified or unknown where justified", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the material remains within this model or requires a related derivative model." }, { "name": "Crystalline organisation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Reported cellulose allomorphs, mixed or unresolved; method and interpretation", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes structural states that can respond differently to processing." }, { "name": "Crystallinity estimate", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Method-defined index or estimated fraction; include calculation procedure", "why_it_matters": "Describes molecular organisation without assuming that estimates from different methods are equivalent." }, { "name": "Physical form and dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Form category plus length, width, thickness and size distributions in suitable units", "why_it_matters": "Supports distinctions among fibres, particles, fibrils, crystals and continuous regenerated forms." }, { "name": "Moisture content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "wt%; specify wet or dry basis, conditioning and measurement method", "why_it_matters": "Makes mass measurements and material comparisons interpretable." }, { "name": "Associated substances", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Identity and concentration of lignin, hemicellulose, ash, additives, residual reagents and contaminants", "why_it_matters": "Identifies constituents that may constrain use or dominate observed behaviour." }, { "name": "Source and treatment lineage", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to source material, lot, isolation, regeneration, drying and other treatment records", "why_it_matters": "Connects the observed material to processes that may explain its present structure and condition." }, { "name": "Condition assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Observed changes, comparison baseline, assessment date and unresolved causes", "why_it_matters": "Separates measured deterioration from assumptions based on age or appearance." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a material as cellulose, cellulose-containing material or a candidate cellulose derivative using recorded evidence.", "Select measurements needed to resolve uncertain identity, purity, chain condition or physical form.", "Compare lots for a specified use while accounting for moisture basis, conditioning and analytical methods.", "Evaluate candidate washing, drying, dispersion, fibrillation, dissolution or regeneration operations against observed material properties.", "Assess proposed hydrolysis or chemical modification and identify when the resulting material needs a different model.", "Recommend further testing or segregation when contamination or condition leaves suitability unresolved." ], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain cellulose's structure, sources and uses from reliable sources.", "Report cellulose content and source on product labels." ], "must_not": [ "Present cellulose fillers as a source of nutrition they do not provide.", "Infer the presence or absence of wood or plant fibre from cellulose content alone without evidence of its source.", "Handle fine cellulose dust without controls against fire and inhalation." ], "requires_human": [ "Changing a product formulation that consumers rely on." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Cellulose comes from forests and crops whose sourcing has environmental costs.", "Hidden fillers can mislead buyers about value." ], "affected_parties": [ "Consumers", "Workers handling it", "Forest communities" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "Nobody owns the substance; producers answer for products made from it.", "master_systems": [] }, "what_it_is_for": [ "Cellulose occurs naturally as a structural component of plant cell walls and in materials such as wood and cotton.", "It is used in paper, textiles and other products that depend on its fibrous structure.", "Purified forms are also used in food and pharmaceutical formulations, with suitability depending on the material grade and intended application." ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012, issued by the European Commission, specifies purity criteria for microcrystalline cellulose E 460(i) and powdered cellulose E 460(ii) when used as food additives." ], "visual_identification": [ "Purified cellulose commonly appears as a white fibrous material or powder, although this appearance alone cannot establish chemical identity.", "Cellulose-rich cotton shows elongated fibers, whereas cellulose in wood remains embedded in a visibly structured tissue.", "A material retaining visible plant fibers may contain cellulose, but other constituents and coatings can alter its color and texture." ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Airborne cellulose dust can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract.", "Fine cellulose dust can present a combustible dust hazard under conditions that permit ignition.", "Cellulose materials can burn and contribute fuel to a fire.", "Moisture and microbial activity can degrade cellulose-containing materials and compromise their strength or suitability." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "klemm-2005", "title": "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material - Angewandte Chemie International Edition (Wiley-VCH)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460587", "what_it_supports": "Definition as (1→4)-β-D-glucan, I/II/III/IV allomorphs, typical DP ranges, and industrial uses of native and regenerated cellulose.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "nishiyama-2002", "title": "Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction - Journal of the American Chemical Society (ACS Publications)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0257319", "what_it_supports": "Crystal packing and hydrogen-bond geometry of the dominant higher-plant allomorph, cellulose Iβ.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "iso-5351", "title": "ISO 5351:2010 Pulps - Determination of limiting viscosity number in cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) solution - International Organization for Standardization", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "The standard viscometric route from which pulp cellulose degree of polymerization is inferred." }, { "id": "astm-d1695", "title": "ASTM D1695 Standard Terminology Relating to Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives - ASTM International", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Industrial names and distinctions among cellulose, pulp fractions, and common derivatives." }, { "id": "eu-231-2012", "title": "Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 laying down specifications for food additives - European Commission", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R0231", "what_it_supports": "Identity and purity specifications for E 460(i) microcrystalline cellulose and E 460(ii) powdered cellulose.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iupac-carb-1996", "title": "Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996) - IUPAC, Pure and Applied Chemistry", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Preferred structural name (1→4)-β-D-glucan for unsubstituted cellulose." }, { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q80294: cellulose", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Cellulose", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cellulose-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Cellulose identity and boundaries", "description": "Establishes what is being called cellulose and how that identification is supported.", "rationale": "A cellulose label can refer to a polymer, a commercial grade or a constituent of a mixed material.", "layers": [ { "id": "backbone-identification", "name": "Backbone identification", "description": "Records evidence for cellulose molecular identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "glucose-linkage-evidence", "name": "Glucose linkage evidence", "description": "Captures evidence for the expected backbone and its distinction from other polysaccharides.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence supports identification of a beta-(1→4)-linked D-glucose backbone?", "kind": "definition", "id": "glucose-linkage-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which measurements distinguish the sample from starch, hemicellulose or another plausible polysaccharide?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "glucose-linkage-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "constituent-and-derivative-boundaries", "name": "Constituent and derivative boundaries", "description": "Determines whether the subject is cellulose itself, a mixture containing it or a chemically modified material.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-bearing-material", "name": "Identity-bearing material", "description": "Records the material level at which the cellulose identification applies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record describe an isolated cellulose lot or the cellulose constituent of a larger material?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "identity-bearing-material-q01" }, { "text": "What covalent modifications are present, and do their identity and extent require a linked cellulose-derivative model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "identity-bearing-material-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "chain-and-solid-structure", "name": "Chain and solid structure", "description": "Describes cellulose chain size, crystalline organisation and observable physical form.", "rationale": "Materials with cellulose chemistry can differ substantially in organisation and processing response.", "layers": [ { "id": "chain-size-and-integrity", "name": "Chain size and integrity", "description": "Characterises polymer chain length and evidence of chain alteration.", "findings": [ { "id": "polymerisation-and-chain-change", "name": "Polymerisation and chain change", "description": "Records chain-size measurements and comparisons that can reveal degradation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What degree of polymerisation or molar-mass distribution was measured, using which method and averaging convention?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "polymerisation-and-chain-change-q01" }, { "text": "What baseline or treatment comparison supports any claim that the cellulose chains have shortened or chemically changed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "polymerisation-and-chain-change-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "packing-and-morphology", "name": "Packing and morphology", "description": "Separates molecular packing from fibre, particle and fibril geometry.", "findings": [ { "id": "crystalline-and-physical-form", "name": "Crystalline and physical form", "description": "Records structural assignments and dimensional evidence with their measurement limitations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cellulose allomorphs and crystallinity estimates are reported, and how were they determined?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "crystalline-and-physical-form-q01" }, { "text": "What dimensional distributions and imaging evidence support the assigned fibre, powder, microcrystalline or nanocellulose form?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "crystalline-and-physical-form-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-treatment-lineage", "name": "Composition and treatment lineage", "description": "Connects cellulose content and accompanying substances to source and processing history.", "rationale": "Source and isolation history help explain differences that a nominal cellulose grade may conceal.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-isolation", "name": "Source and isolation", "description": "Tracks the material's origin and transformations before assessment.", "findings": [ { "id": "cellulose-production-history", "name": "Cellulose production history", "description": "Captures source identity and treatments relevant to present material properties.", "questions": [ { "text": "What biological or recovered-material source and lot records establish the origin of this cellulose?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cellulose-production-history-q01" }, { "text": "Which isolation, bleaching, hydrolysis, regeneration or mechanical treatments are documented, with what conditions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cellulose-production-history-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cellulose-fraction-and-residues", "name": "Cellulose fraction and residues", "description": "Records composition without conflating cellulose purity with a supplier's grade name.", "findings": [ { "id": "composition-on-a-defined-basis", "name": "Composition on a defined basis", "description": "Makes cellulose content and associated-substance measurements interpretable.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the measured cellulose mass fraction, on which moisture basis and under which analytical definition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-on-a-defined-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which non-cellulosic constituents or processing residues were measured, and what detection limits qualify claims of absence?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-on-a-defined-basis-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "water-interaction-and-condition", "name": "Water interaction and condition", "description": "Describes moisture, wetting history and changes relevant to the cellulose's present usability.", "rationale": "Cellulose condition cannot be judged reliably without accounting for water exposure, drying and evidence of deterioration.", "layers": [ { "id": "moisture-and-redispersion", "name": "Moisture and redispersion", "description": "Records water content and the effects of wetting and drying on the assessed form.", "findings": [ { "id": "hydration-and-drying-response", "name": "Hydration and drying response", "description": "Captures current conditioning and observed changes in swelling or dispersibility.", "questions": [ { "text": "What moisture content was measured, and what humidity, temperature and conditioning history preceded it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "hydration-and-drying-response-q01" }, { "text": "After documented drying and rewetting, what changes in swelling, aggregation or redispersibility were observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "hydration-and-drying-response-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "deterioration-and-contamination", "name": "Deterioration and contamination", "description": "Separates visible symptoms from supported assessments of material change.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-of-condition-change", "name": "Evidence of condition change", "description": "Records observations that justify reassessment of a cellulose lot.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence of chain degradation, oxidation, biological contamination or foreign matter exists relative to an appropriate baseline?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "evidence-of-condition-change-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed changes require additional testing or segregation before the intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-of-condition-change-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "processing-response-and-use-decisions", "name": "Processing response and use decisions", "description": "Links characterised cellulose to candidate operations and explicit suitability requirements.", "rationale": "An agent needs evidence connecting material properties to an operation, rather than assuming all cellulose behaves alike.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-processing-response", "name": "Physical processing response", "description": "Assesses operations that alter cellulose form or organisation.", "findings": [ { "id": "dispersion-dissolution-and-forming", "name": "Dispersion, dissolution and forming", "description": "Distinguishes observed swelling, dispersion and dissolution and records subsequent material recovery.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under specified medium, temperature, concentration and treatment conditions, does the material swell, disperse or dissolve, and how was that distinction verified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "dispersion-dissolution-and-forming-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports the proposed fibrillation, forming or regeneration operation and its expected effect on the resulting cellulose?", "kind": "action", "id": "dispersion-dissolution-and-forming-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion-and-suitability", "name": "Conversion and suitability", "description": "Relates intended chemical transformations and use requirements to the characterised material.", "findings": [ { "id": "operation-specific-decision", "name": "Operation-specific decision", "description": "Records the conditions and evidence needed to select a lot or transform its chemical identity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which measured properties meet the intended operation's requirements, and which unmeasured properties prevent a suitability decision?", "kind": "action", "id": "operation-specific-decision-q01" }, { "text": "If hydrolysis or chemical modification is proposed, what product identity and extent of conversion would move the output beyond this cellulose model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "operation-specific-decision-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Native cellulose I (triclinic Iα in many algae and bacteria; monoclinic Iβ in higher plants)", "Regenerated or mercerized cellulose II (viscose, lyocell, NaOH-treated fibres)", "Cellulose III and IV (ammonia- or heat-converted allomorphs, mainly process intermediates)", "Microcrystalline cellulose (acid-hydrolyzed, high-crystallinity particles used as MCC/Avicel)", "Powdered cellulose (mechanically ground, food-grade E 460(ii))", "Nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF)", "Bacterial (microbial) cellulose, including nata de coco pellicles", "Dissolving-grade / high-α-cellulose pulps versus paper-grade kraft or sulphite pulps" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q80294", "note": "Item for the polymer cellulose." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "9004-34-6", "note": "Unmodified cellulose; derivatives have separate CAS numbers." }, { "scheme": "EC (EINECS)", "value_or_pattern": "232-674-9", "note": "Matches CAS 9004-34-6." }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:3516", "note": "Cellulose as a poly(β-D-glucose)." }, { "scheme": "UNII (FDA SRS)", "value_or_pattern": "SMD1X3XO9M", "note": "Cellulose; MCC and grades have additional UNII codes." }, { "scheme": "EU food additive / Codex INS", "value_or_pattern": "E 460 / INS 460", "note": "E 460(i) microcrystalline cellulose; E 460(ii) powdered cellulose." }, { "scheme": "IUPAC polysaccharide name", "value_or_pattern": "(1→4)-β-D-glucan", "note": "Unsubstituted cellulose; substituted chains are named as cellulose derivatives." }, { "scheme": "INCI", "value_or_pattern": "Cellulose", "note": "Cosmetic ingredient name for unmodified cellulose powders and fibres." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "ISO 5351:2010 Pulps - limiting viscosity number in cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) solution (International Organization for Standardization)", "TAPPI T 203 Alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose in pulp (TAPPI)", "ASTM D1695 Standard Terminology Relating to Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives (ASTM International)", "ASTM C739 Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation (ASTM International)", "European Pharmacopoeia monographs 0315 Cellulose, powdered and 0316 Cellulose, microcrystalline (EDQM)", "USP-NF monograph Microcrystalline Cellulose (United States Pharmacopeial Convention)", "Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives, E 460, with purity specs in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 (European Union)", "JECFA specifications for microcrystalline cellulose and powdered cellulose (FAO/WHO)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Papermaking and paperboard from wood, cotton linters, recovered fibre and non-wood pulps", "Textiles as native cotton/linen/ramie and as regenerated fibres (viscose, modal, lyocell)", "Pharmaceutical tablets: microcrystalline cellulose as binder, filler and disintegrant", "Food: insoluble fibre, anti-caking and bodying agent (E 460); bacterial cellulose eaten as nata de coco", "Building: loose-fill and sprayed cellulose fibre insulation", "Films and membranes: cellophane, dialysis tubing, and medical dressings from bacterial cellulose", "Feedstock for derivatives (cellulose acetate, nitrate, ethers such as CMC) used in coatings, explosives, thickeners and cigarette filters", "Nanocellulose in composites, rheology modifiers, barriers and filtration media" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Degree of polymerization (native cotton)", "typical_range": "10000-15000", "unit": "anhydroglucose units" }, { "quantity": "Degree of polymerization (bleached wood pulp)", "typical_range": "300-1700", "unit": "anhydroglucose units" }, { "quantity": "Degree of polymerization (microcrystalline cellulose)", "typical_range": "150-300", "unit": "anhydroglucose units" }, { "quantity": "Crystallinity index (plant cellulose I)", "typical_range": "40-80", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Density of crystalline cellulose I", "typical_range": "1.5-1.6", "unit": "g·cm⁻³" }, { "quantity": "Equilibrium moisture (cotton, ~65% RH)", "typical_range": "7-8", "unit": "% mass" }, { "quantity": "Onset of thermal decomposition in air", "typical_range": "260-350", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Axial crystal modulus of cellulose Iβ", "typical_range": "100-140", "unit": "GPa" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of β-(1→4) linkages, collapsing DP and strength (acid pulping, sour papers, gastric/process acids)", "Enzymatic depolymerization by cellulases in decay, composting and biofuel saccharification", "Flaming combustion and pyrolysis; fine cellulose dust is an explosion hazard", "Hygroscopic swelling and shrinkage, with loss of dimensional stability in paper, textiles and wood products", "Mould and bacterial decay of damp cellulose insulation, books and textiles", "Photo-oxidation and acid-catalyzed yellowing of paper, especially when residual lignin is present", "Occupational respiratory disease from cotton dust (byssinosis) and irritant dust from powdered cellulose", "Poor interfacial adhesion in untreated cellulose-hydrophobic-polymer composites, causing moisture-driven property loss" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Feedstock: Nordic and North American kraft softwood; Brazilian eucalyptus; Chinese bamboo, straw and recovered fibre; cotton linters for dissolving pulp in the US, China and India", "Food naming: EU E 460(i)/(ii) versus US ingredient lists as microcrystalline cellulose or powdered cellulose; SE Asian nata de coco is eaten bacterial cellulose", "Textiles: cotton concentrated in China, India, the US and Brazil; viscose historically European; lyocell strongly associated with Austrian production", "Paper tradition: Japanese washi from bast celluloses (kōzo, mitsumata, gampi) versus wood-pulp papers elsewhere", "α-/β-/γ-cellulose is a pulp-analytical language (TAPPI) used in mill practice, not a botanical classification" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Hemicelluloses (xylans, mannans, glucomannans)", "difference": "Hemicelluloses are branched, lower-DP heteroglycans and dissolve in 17.5% NaOH; α-cellulose is the alkali-insoluble residue (TAPPI T 203)." }, { "name": "Starch (amylose/amylopectin)", "difference": "Starch is an α-(1→4)/(1→6)-D-glucan: it gives a blue-black iodine complex and is amylase-labile; cellulose does neither and is cellulase-labile." }, { "name": "Chitin", "difference": "Chitin is (1→4)-β-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; nitrogen analysis and amide IR bands (~1650/1550 cm⁻¹) separate it from cellulose (C2-OH, no amide)." }, { "name": "Lignin", "difference": "Lignin is an aromatic polymer remaining as Klason (acid-insoluble) residue; cellulose reports in holocellulose and lacks the UV/IR aromatic signature of lignin." }, { "name": "Cellulose acetate and other esters", "difference": "Esters show a carbonyl IR band near 1740 cm⁻¹, dissolve in ketones or other organic solvents, and saponify back to cellulose; unmodified cellulose does not." }, { "name": "Regenerated cellulose versus native cotton", "difference": "Wide-angle XRD: cellulose II (regenerated/mercerized) versus cellulose I (native); light microscopy shows viscose striations versus cotton convolutions." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cellulose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "What registry boundary should distinguish lightly oxidised or surface-modified cellulose from independently modelled cellulose derivatives?", "Which analytical methods and confidence criteria are sufficient to establish cellulose identity in mixed or heavily processed samples?", "How should degree-of-polymerisation and crystallinity results from different methods be compared without implying false equivalence?", "Which measured dimensions and preparation criteria should govern physical-form labels where commercial terminology overlaps?", "Which application-specific evidence is required to turn moisture, contamination and degradation observations into actionable suitability limits?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }