{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T05:16:08Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude", "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:05:13+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-06T19:52:02+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q810924", "registryId": "vr.tr.battery-energy-storage-system", "name": "battery energy storage system", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.BLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q810924/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.battery-energy-storage-system", "name": "battery energy storage system", "purpose": "Let an agent explain battery energy storage systems and their components, relay applications, performance and safety from energy sector references, describe grid-scale projects and economics, and distinguish battery storage from pumped hydro, other storage and generation.", "definition": "A facility that stores electrical energy in rechargeable batteries, typically lithium-ion, and returns it to the grid or a site when needed, comprising battery modules, power conversion systems, thermal management and controls, used for frequency regulation, peak shaving, renewable energy firming and backup, at scales from home units to grid-scale installations of hundreds of megawatts such as hubs that pair batteries with wind and solar generation.", "what_it_is_for": "Storing and dispatching electrical energy.", "affordances": [ "explain components", "relay applications and performance", "describe projects and economics", "distinguish from other storage" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Electrochemical storage", "Fast response", "Modular", "Grid services" ], "appearance": "Rows of containerised battery enclosures with inverters and transformers.", "visual_identification": [ "Battery-based electricity storage facility", "Grid-scale systems, renewable energy hubs, commercial and home batteries", "Pumped hydro stores water; flywheels store motion; a power plant generates rather than stores" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "typical round-trip efficiency", "typical_range": "about 85-90", "unit": "percent", "note": "lithium-ion" }, { "quantity": "typical duration", "typical_range": "1-4", "unit": "hours", "note": "grid systems" }, { "quantity": "largest systems", "typical_range": "over 1", "unit": "GW", "note": "as of the mid-2020s" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "grid-scale battery storage", "hybrid renewable hubs pairing batteries with wind and solar", "commercial and industrial systems", "residential batteries", "microgrid and off-grid systems", "systems by chemistry such as lithium iron phosphate, NMC, sodium-ion and flow batteries" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "storage power station", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "uses", "target": "lithium-ion battery", "why": "in most cases" }, { "relation": "provides", "target": "frequency regulation", "why": "to grids" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "pumped-storage hydroelectricity", "why": "another storage form" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Safety standards such as NFPA 855, UL 9540 and IEC 62933", "Grid codes and market rules for storage", "Fire codes and permitting" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Thermal runaway fires", "Degradation and capacity fade", "Confusing power and energy ratings" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Explain how a battery energy storage system charges, stores and discharges energy, citing technical sources.", "Monitor state of charge, temperature and alarms on a system it is authorized to supervise.", "Distinguish power rating from energy capacity when reporting a system's size." ], "must_not": [ "Override or disable thermal management, fire detection or battery protection on a live system.", "Operate charge or discharge setpoints on a grid-connected system it is not authorized to control.", "Advise anyone to enter or fight a battery fire without trained emergency responders.", "Overstate capacity or hide degradation when a system is sold or reported." ], "requires_human": [ "Isolating, restarting or decommissioning a system after a fault or fire.", "Changing dispatch that affects grid stability or a site's supply." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Battery fires can burn for long periods and release toxic gases near homes and workers.", "Siting and recycling decisions place burdens on particular communities." ], "affected_parties": [ "Site workers and firefighters", "Neighbouring residents", "Grid users" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The operator of the installation; the grid operator governs its connection.", "master_systems": [ "Grid connection and generation asset registers" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q810924: battery energy storage system", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810924", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Battery energy storage system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_energy_storage_system", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a battery storage system is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and components.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a battery energy storage system, and what are its cells, inverters, thermal and control components?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about battery storage, other storage or generation?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings", "description": "Ratings.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings-finding", "name": "Ratings", "description": "Ratings.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do power, energy, duration and cycle ratings mean?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific chemistry?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Applications.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "grid", "name": "Grid", "description": "Grid services.", "findings": [ { "id": "grid-finding", "name": "Grid", "description": "Grid.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do batteries provide frequency regulation, peak shaving, arbitrage and renewable firming?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "projects", "name": "Projects", "description": "Projects.", "findings": [ { "id": "projects-finding", "name": "Projects", "description": "Projects.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are notable grid-scale projects and renewable energy hubs, and how are they configured?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific project?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "economics", "name": "Economics", "description": "Economics and safety.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "costs", "name": "Costs", "description": "Costs.", "findings": [ { "id": "costs-finding", "name": "Costs", "description": "Costs.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have costs fallen, and how do storage projects earn revenue, with analyses attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Safety.", "findings": [ { "id": "safety-finding", "name": "Safety", "description": "Safety.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the fire risks, and what standards and designs mitigate them?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits thermal runaway?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Policy and future.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "policy", "name": "Policy", "description": "Policy.", "findings": [ { "id": "policy-finding", "name": "Policy", "description": "Policy.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do grid codes, markets and incentives treat storage, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits energy policy?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "future", "name": "Future", "description": "Future.", "findings": [ { "id": "future-finding", "name": "Future", "description": "Future.", "questions": [ { "text": "What new chemistries and long-duration storage are emerging?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits long-duration energy storage?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should grid energy storage be the primary linked entry?", "How should standards be linked?", "The registry entry has a merged alias naming a specific Australian project; should it be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }