{ "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T22:38:08Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude", "enrichment": { "pass": 3, "engine": "claude", "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z", "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T07:00:49+00:00", "fields": [ "agent_conduct", "ethics", "owners" ] }, "revisions": [ { "at": "2026-10-06T23:00:43+00:00", "engine": "codex", "fields": [ "definition" ], "answering_review": "4d5775f79b299826e6fb65c6a6683725211f9ab59265e23ff3ed608e0569ba93" } ], "gate": { "passed": true, "version": "1.0", "at": "2026-10-07T10:10:33+00:00", "evidence": [ "completeness 1.00", "sense: Wikidata description", "2 live sources", "review by codex: pass" ] } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q867", "registryId": "vr.tr.germanium", "name": "germanium", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q867/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.germanium", "name": "germanium", "purpose": "Let an agent identify germanium and its properties, relay production, uses, isotopes and history from reference sources, relay safety information, and distinguish it from silicon and other metalloids.", "definition": "A chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32, a hard, brittle, greyish-white metalloid in the carbon group, a semiconductor with a diamond-like crystal structure; germanium was the material of the first transistors, is now used mainly in fibre optics, infrared optics, solar cells and polymerisation catalysts, is recovered as a by-product of zinc and coal processing, and has four stable isotopes plus naturally occurring radioactive germanium-76.", "what_it_is_for": "Fibre optics, infrared optics, semiconductors and catalysts.", "affordances": [ "relay properties and isotopes", "explain production and uses", "relay history and safety", "distinguish from related elements" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Metalloid semiconductor", "First transistor material", "By-product of zinc", "Infrared transparency" ], "appearance": "A lustrous, hard, greyish-white brittle solid with a metallic sheen.", "visual_identification": [ "Element 32, symbol Ge", "Metalloid semiconductor in the carbon group", "Silicon and tin are the neighbouring group members" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "atomic number", "typical_range": "32", "unit": "Z", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "standard atomic weight", "typical_range": "72.63", "unit": "u", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "melting point", "typical_range": "938.3", "unit": "degrees C", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "band gap", "typical_range": "0.67", "unit": "eV", "note": "at room temperature" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "germanium metal and crystals", "germanium compounds such as the dioxide and tetrachloride", "isotopes from germanium-58 to germanium-89, with five stable isotopes", "silicon-germanium alloys" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "covalent network solid", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "metalloid", "why": "in the carbon group" }, { "relation": "is adjacent to", "target": "gallium", "why": "element 31" }, { "relation": "is adjacent to", "target": "arsenic", "why": "element 33" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "symbol", "value_or_pattern": "Ge", "note": "" }, { "scheme": "CAS", "value_or_pattern": "7440-56-4", "note": "" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Chemical safety data sheets", "Critical raw material listings in the EU and elsewhere", "Export controls in some producing countries" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Toxicity of some compounds such as germane gas", "Supply concentration and export restrictions", "Confusion with silicon in device contexts" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [], "agent_conduct": { "may": [ "Describe germanium's properties and uses in fibre optics, infrared optics and electronics.", "Report on germanium supply and trade restrictions with sources and dates.", "Distinguish germanium from silicon in device contexts." ], "must_not": [ "Handle or release germanium compounds such as germane gas outside a controlled laboratory.", "Promote germanium supplements or compounds as health remedies.", "Help evade export restrictions on germanium.", "Dispose of germanium-bearing electronics as ordinary waste." ], "requires_human": [ "Purchasing or moving germanium under export controls." ] }, "ethics": { "considerations": [ "Some germanium compounds are toxic, and supplements have caused kidney harm.", "Concentrated supply makes germanium a strategic material with trade tensions." ], "affected_parties": [ "Workers handling it", "Consumers of supplements", "Industries dependent on supply" ] }, "owners": { "steward": "The holder of the material; export authorities control its trade in some countries.", "master_systems": [] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata item Q867: germanium", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api" }, { "id": "wikipedia-en", "title": "Wikipedia: Germanium", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium", "url_status": "live", "what_it_supports": "general description of the item", "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "What germanium is.", "rationale": "Identity.", "layers": [ { "id": "properties", "name": "Properties", "description": "Properties.", "findings": [ { "id": "properties-finding", "name": "Properties", "description": "Properties.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the physical, chemical and semiconductor properties of germanium?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about germanium or a related element such as silicon?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "isotopes", "name": "Isotopes", "description": "Isotopes.", "findings": [ { "id": "isotopes-finding", "name": "Isotopes", "description": "Isotopes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which isotopes exist, and which are stable or useful, such as in neutrino research?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific isotope?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "industry", "name": "Industry", "description": "Production and uses.", "rationale": "Supply.", "layers": [ { "id": "production", "name": "Production", "description": "Production.", "findings": [ { "id": "production-finding", "name": "Production", "description": "Production.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is germanium recovered and refined, and who produces it, with sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "uses", "name": "Uses", "description": "Uses.", "findings": [ { "id": "uses-finding", "name": "Uses", "description": "Uses.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is germanium used in fibre optics, infrared optics, electronics and catalysts?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a specific application?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Safety and supply.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazards", "name": "Hazards", "description": "Hazards.", "findings": [ { "id": "hazards-finding", "name": "Hazards", "description": "Hazards.", "questions": [ { "text": "What hazards do germanium and its compounds present?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the user asking about a personal exposure, which needs a clinician or poison centre?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply", "name": "Supply", "description": "Critical material status.", "findings": [ { "id": "supply-finding", "name": "Supply", "description": "Supply.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why is germanium listed as a critical material, and what export controls apply?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "discovery", "name": "Discovery", "description": "Discovery.", "findings": [ { "id": "discovery-finding", "name": "Discovery", "description": "Discovery.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was germanium predicted by Mendeleev and discovered by Winkler in 1886?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "electronics", "name": "Electronics", "description": "Role in electronics history.", "findings": [ { "id": "electronics-finding", "name": "Electronics", "description": "Electronics.", "questions": [ { "text": "What role did germanium play in the first transistors, and why was it replaced by silicon?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of the transistor?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should isotopes be separate entries?", "How should reference data be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming isotopes; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }