{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T06:52:40Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude"
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q898533",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.sorption",
    "name": "sorption",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.PRC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q898533/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.sorption",
    "name": "sorption",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain sorption and its component processes, relay mechanisms, isotherms and applications from physical chemistry and engineering references, describe gas absorption and adsorption, and distinguish sorption from dissolution, chemical reaction and filtration.",
    "definition": "A physical or chemical process in which one substance becomes attached to or taken up by another, covering adsorption, in which molecules adhere to a surface, absorption, in which they enter the bulk of a solid or liquid as in gas absorption into a liquid, and ion exchange, and used as a general term when the mechanism is unknown or mixed; sorption underlies water treatment, gas separation, chromatography, soil chemistry and many industrial processes.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a physical and chemical process.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain the concept and components",
      "relay mechanisms and isotherms",
      "describe applications",
      "distinguish related processes"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Surface or bulk uptake",
      "Umbrella term",
      "Isotherm description",
      "Reversible in many cases"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not a visible object; uptake of substances by materials.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Uptake of one substance by another",
      "Adsorption, absorption including gas absorption, ion exchange",
      "Dissolution disperses a solute; chemical reaction changes identity; filtration separates by size"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "common isotherms",
        "typical_range": "Langmuir, Freundlich, BET",
        "unit": "list",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "activated carbon surface area",
        "typical_range": "about 500-1500",
        "unit": "m^2 per g",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "desorption",
        "typical_range": "the reverse process",
        "unit": "note",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "adsorption on surfaces",
      "absorption into bulk including gas absorption into liquids",
      "ion exchange",
      "chemisorption and physisorption",
      "sorption in soils and sediments",
      "sorption in chromatography and separations"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "physical process",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "chemical process",
        "why": "in registry terms"
      },
      {
        "relation": "includes",
        "target": "adsorption",
        "why": "as surface uptake"
      },
      {
        "relation": "includes",
        "target": "absorption (chemistry)",
        "why": "as bulk uptake"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "IUPAC definitions of sorption terms",
      "Standards for adsorbent testing and water treatment"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Confusing adsorption and absorption",
      "Saturation and breakthrough in treatment systems",
      "Misapplying isotherms"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What sorption is.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is sorption, and how do adsorption, absorption and ion exchange differ from dissolution, reaction and filtration?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about sorption in general, adsorption, gas absorption or a specific application?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "mechanisms",
            "name": "Mechanisms",
            "description": "Mechanisms.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "mechanisms-finding",
                "name": "Mechanisms",
                "description": "Mechanisms.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do physisorption, chemisorption and bulk absorption work at the molecular level?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific mechanism?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "measure",
        "name": "Measure",
        "description": "Measurement.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "isotherms",
            "name": "Isotherms",
            "description": "Isotherms and kinetics.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "isotherms-finding",
                "name": "Isotherms",
                "description": "Isotherms.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherms and kinetic models describe sorption?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "methods",
            "name": "Methods",
            "description": "Methods.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "methods-finding",
                "name": "Methods",
                "description": "Methods.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are sorption capacity and surface area measured?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "apply",
        "name": "Apply",
        "description": "Applications.",
        "rationale": "Application.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "treatment",
            "name": "Treatment",
            "description": "Water and gas treatment.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "treatment-finding",
                "name": "Treatment",
                "description": "Treatment.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are activated carbon, zeolites and scrubbers used in water treatment and gas absorption?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits activated carbon?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "environment",
            "name": "Environment",
            "description": "Environment and separations.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "environment-finding",
                "name": "Environment",
                "description": "Environment.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does sorption govern pollutant fate in soils and enable chromatography and carbon capture?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits chromatography?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "Materials and history.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "materials",
            "name": "Materials",
            "description": "Sorbent materials.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "materials-finding",
                "name": "Materials",
                "description": "Materials.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What new sorbents such as MOFs and biochar are being developed, with findings attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits metal-organic framework?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did Langmuir and others develop the science of sorption?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the history of surface science?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should adsorption and gas absorption be separate primary entries?",
    "How should chemistry references be linked?",
    "The registry entry has a merged alias naming gas absorption; should it be split off?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}