{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T23:07:57Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 4,
    "engine": "claude"
  },
  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q909534",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.mass-transfer",
    "name": "mass transfer",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.4",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "ACT.PRC"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
  },
  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q909534/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.mass-transfer",
    "name": "mass transfer",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain mass transfer, relay mechanisms, laws, dimensionless numbers and applications from chemical engineering and transport phenomena sources, describe the named aliases and flag the sediment terms, and distinguish mass transfer from heat transfer, momentum transfer, chemical reaction and sediment transport.",
    "definition": "The net movement of mass, such as a chemical species, from one location to another, driven by concentration gradients through diffusion and by bulk fluid motion through convection, central to chemical engineering operations such as distillation, absorption, extraction, drying and membrane processes, including permeation through membranes, and described by Fick s laws and mass transfer coefficients; the registry aliases stream load and bed material load name sediment transported by rivers, a related geomorphology concept of sediment transport, and appear misfiled. Analogies between heat, mass and momentum transfer are widely used.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Understanding and designing movement of substances.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain mechanisms and laws",
      "relay dimensionless numbers",
      "describe applications",
      "flag misfiled aliases"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Diffusion and convection",
      "Gradient driven",
      "Separation processes",
      "Analogy with heat transfer"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not a physical object; seen in dissolving, evaporating, separating and permeating substances.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Movement of chemical species",
      "Stream load, permeation, bed material load, diffusion",
      "Heat transfer moves energy; momentum transfer governs flow; reactions change species; sediment transport moves particles in rivers"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [
      {
        "quantity": "Fick s laws",
        "typical_range": "1855",
        "unit": "year",
        "note": "Adolf Fick"
      },
      {
        "quantity": "key dimensionless numbers",
        "typical_range": "Sherwood, Schmidt, Peclet",
        "unit": "list",
        "note": ""
      },
      {
        "quantity": "Chilton-Colburn analogy",
        "typical_range": "1934",
        "unit": "year",
        "note": ""
      }
    ],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "molecular diffusion",
      "convective mass transfer",
      "interphase mass transfer",
      "membrane permeation",
      "mass transfer with reaction"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "transport phenomena",
        "why": "in registry terms, and process"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is described by",
        "target": "Fick s laws of diffusion",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "is used in",
        "target": "distillation",
        "why": ""
      },
      {
        "relation": "is contrasted with",
        "target": "sediment transport",
        "why": "misfiled aliases"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No direct regulation; process safety and design codes apply to equipment"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Undersized separation equipment",
      "Confusing sediment load terms",
      "Ignoring coupled heat effects"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": []
  },
  "sources": [],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "understand",
        "name": "Understand",
        "description": "What mass transfer is.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is mass transfer, and how does it differ from heat transfer, momentum transfer, reaction and sediment transport?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about engineering design, biology, the environment or rivers?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "aliases",
            "name": "Aliases",
            "description": "Named aliases.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "aliases-finding",
                "name": "Aliases",
                "description": "Aliases.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are permeation, stream load and bed material load, and why are the load terms different?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits the specific concept?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "theory",
        "name": "Theory",
        "description": "Theory.",
        "rationale": "Science.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "fick",
            "name": "Fick",
            "description": "Fick s laws.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "fick-finding",
                "name": "Fick",
                "description": "Fick.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What do Fick s first and second laws state?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "numbers",
            "name": "Numbers",
            "description": "Dimensionless numbers.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "numbers-finding",
                "name": "Numbers",
                "description": "Numbers.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are Sherwood and Schmidt numbers used to estimate coefficients?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which sources are cited?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "engineering",
        "name": "Engineering",
        "description": "Unit operations.",
        "rationale": "Sources.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "separation",
            "name": "Separation",
            "description": "Separation processes.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "separation-finding",
                "name": "Separation",
                "description": "Separation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does mass transfer govern distillation, absorption and extraction?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits unit operation?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "membranes",
            "name": "Membranes",
            "description": "Membrane permeation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "membranes-finding",
                "name": "Membranes",
                "description": "Membranes.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How do gases and liquids permeate membranes?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits membrane technology?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "context",
        "name": "Context",
        "description": "Nature.",
        "rationale": "Context.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "biology",
            "name": "Biology",
            "description": "Biological mass transfer.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "biology-finding",
                "name": "Biology",
                "description": "Biology.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How does mass transfer limit oxygen supply in tissues and bioreactors?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits bioreactor?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "rivers",
            "name": "Rivers",
            "description": "Sediment load.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "rivers-finding",
                "name": "Rivers",
                "description": "Rivers.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What are stream load and bed material load in rivers?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits sediment transport?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "The registry aliases stream load and bed material load should be moved to sediment transport",
    "Should permeation be a separate entry?",
    "How should transport phenomena references be linked?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}