{
  "vercy": "1.0-draft",
  "publication": {
    "status": "research-draft",
    "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
    "publishableCanonical": false,
    "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T19:51:39Z",
    "providers": [
      "Claude"
    ],
    "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify",
    "pass": 2,
    "wave": 3,
    "engine": "claude",
    "enrichment": {
      "pass": 3,
      "engine": "claude",
      "producedAt": "2026-10-06T10:00:00Z",
      "ingestedAt": "2026-10-06T06:57:15+00:00",
      "fields": [
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        "ethics",
        "owners"
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      "evidence": [
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        "review by codex: pass"
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  "metaModel": {
    "id": "THING-Q951142",
    "registryId": "vr.tr.1-n-expansion",
    "name": "1/N expansion",
    "version": "0.2.0-wave.3",
    "entryKind": "thing",
    "family": "Thing Registry",
    "domain": [
      "XCT.REL"
    ],
    "status": "research-draft"
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  "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q951142/",
  "model": {
    "registry_id": "vr.tr.1-n-expansion",
    "name": "1/N expansion",
    "purpose": "Let an agent explain the 1/N expansion as a method, its main applications and limits, relay results with attribution to the literature, and route detailed calculations to specialist references.",
    "definition": "A perturbative method in theoretical physics in which a theory with N components, colours or flavours is expanded in powers of 1/N, so that the limit of large N becomes tractable and corrections are organised by their order in 1/N; used in quantum chromodynamics, statistical mechanics, matrix models and the study of gauge and string dualities.",
    "what_it_is_for": "Making strongly coupled or many-component theories calculable.",
    "affordances": [
      "explain the idea of large N limits",
      "describe main applications in field theory and statistical mechanics",
      "explain planar diagrams and topological organisation",
      "point to standard references"
    ],
    "distinguishing_features": [
      "Expansion parameter is the inverse number of components",
      "Large N limit simplifies the theory",
      "Organises Feynman diagrams by topology in gauge theories",
      "Applies across field theory, statistical mechanics and matrix models"
    ],
    "appearance": "Not visible; a series in powers of 1/N in equations.",
    "visual_identification": [
      "Expansion parameter 1/N with N the number of components or colours",
      "Leading order often planar or mean-field",
      "Ordinary coupling-constant perturbation theory is a different expansion"
    ],
    "physical_properties": [],
    "families_and_kinds": [
      "large N vector models such as the O(N) model",
      "large N gauge theories and the planar limit",
      "matrix models and random matrices",
      "large N in condensed matter and spin models",
      "holographic dualities at large N"
    ],
    "related_models": [
      {
        "relation": "is a kind of",
        "target": "perturbative series",
        "why": "an expansion method"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is used in",
        "target": "quantum chromodynamics",
        "why": "a main application"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "mean-field theory",
        "why": "often the leading order for vector models"
      },
      {
        "relation": "is related to",
        "target": "AdS/CFT correspondence",
        "why": "large N is essential to the duality"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [],
    "standards_and_regulation": [
      "No regulation; conventions follow the physics literature"
    ],
    "failure_modes_and_hazards": [
      "Applying large N results to small N without checking corrections",
      "Confusing vector and matrix large N behaviour",
      "Presenting conjectured dualities as proven"
    ],
    "in_scope": [],
    "out_of_scope": [],
    "characteristics": [],
    "agent_conduct": {
      "may": [
        "Explain the 1/N expansion and where the large N limit simplifies a theory.",
        "Report results from published work with their stated assumptions."
      ],
      "must_not": [
        "Apply a large N result to small N without noting the size of corrections.",
        "Confuse vector and matrix large N behaviour.",
        "Present a conjectured duality or extrapolation as proven.",
        "Attribute results to researchers who did not obtain them."
      ],
      "requires_human": [
        "Stating that a large N result holds for a physical theory with small N."
      ]
    },
    "ethics": {
      "considerations": [
        "Overstated results mislead students and other researchers.",
        "Credit for results matters to researchers' careers."
      ],
      "affected_parties": [
        "Researchers and students",
        "Readers of popular science"
      ]
    },
    "owners": {
      "steward": "Nobody owns the method; it belongs to the physics community.",
      "master_systems": []
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "wikidata",
      "title": "Wikidata item Q951142: 1/N expansion",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951142",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "identity and sense of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api"
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-en",
      "title": "Wikipedia: 1/N expansion",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1/N_expansion",
      "url_status": "live",
      "what_it_supports": "general description of the item",
      "checked_by": "wikidata-api sitelink"
    }
  ],
  "structure": {
    "bundles": [
      {
        "id": "idea",
        "name": "Idea",
        "description": "What the expansion is.",
        "rationale": "Method.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "definition",
            "name": "Definition",
            "description": "Definition.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "definition-finding",
                "name": "Definition",
                "description": "Definition.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "What is expanded in 1/N, and why does the large N limit simplify a theory?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Is the question about the 1/N expansion or about ordinary perturbation theory?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "organisation",
            "name": "Organisation",
            "description": "Diagram organisation.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "organisation-finding",
                "name": "Organisation",
                "description": "Organisation.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are diagrams organised by order in 1/N, including the planar limit in gauge theories?",
                    "kind": "definition"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits Feynman diagrams?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "applications",
        "name": "Applications",
        "description": "Where it is used.",
        "rationale": "Applications.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "field",
            "name": "Field theory",
            "description": "Gauge and vector models.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "field-finding",
                "name": "Field",
                "description": "Field.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is the expansion used in QCD and in O(N) models, with results attributed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which references are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "other",
            "name": "Other",
            "description": "Statistical mechanics and matrices.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "other-finding",
                "name": "Other",
                "description": "Other.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is it used in statistical mechanics, random matrices and holography?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific application?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "limits",
        "name": "Limits",
        "description": "Validity and corrections.",
        "rationale": "Rigour.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "validity",
            "name": "Validity",
            "description": "When it works.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "validity-finding",
                "name": "Validity",
                "description": "Validity.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "When is the expansion reliable, and how large are corrections for physical N?",
                    "kind": "measurement"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "What is proven versus conjectured?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "corrections",
            "name": "Corrections",
            "description": "Higher orders.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "corrections-finding",
                "name": "Corrections",
                "description": "Corrections.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How are higher-order corrections computed and resummed?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits resummation methods?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "learn",
        "name": "Learn",
        "description": "History and teaching.",
        "rationale": "Study.",
        "layers": [
          {
            "id": "history",
            "name": "History",
            "description": "History.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "history-finding",
                "name": "History",
                "description": "History.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How did the method develop from Stanley and t Hooft onward?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which entry fits a specific physicist?",
                    "kind": "action"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "id": "teach",
            "name": "Teach",
            "description": "Teaching.",
            "findings": [
              {
                "id": "teach-finding",
                "name": "Teach",
                "description": "Teaching.",
                "questions": [
                  {
                    "text": "How is the expansion taught in graduate courses, and which texts are standard?",
                    "kind": "provenance"
                  },
                  {
                    "text": "Which prerequisites are needed?",
                    "kind": "boundary"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "openQuestions": [
    "Should vector and matrix large N be separate entries?",
    "How should standard reviews be linked?",
    "How should the status of conjectures be recorded?"
  ],
  "statistics": {
    "bundles": 4,
    "layers": 8,
    "findings": 8,
    "questions": 16
  }
}