drum
Let an agent identify drum types and their cultural origins with attribution, explain construction, tuning and playing, relay classification and standards, and separate drums from other percussion and from other senses of the word.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent identify drum types and their cultural origins with attribution, explain construction, tuning and playing, relay classification and standards, and separate drums from other percussion and from other senses of the word.
A percussion instrument consisting of a membrane stretched over a hollow shell and sounded by striking with hands, sticks or mallets, found in almost every musical culture from frame drums and talking drums to orchestral timpani and the drum kit; drums are classified as membranophones and vary in shell material, head, tuning and playing technique.
What it is for: Rhythm, signalling and ceremony in music.
It can be identify the type and its origin; explain construction and tuning; describe playing techniques and roles; distinguish drums from other percussion.
Distinguishing features
Membranophone
Struck by hands or sticks
Tunable in many types
Culturally specific forms and roles
What it looks like
A cylindrical, conical, bowl or frame shell with one or two stretched heads, played with hands or sticks.
Physical character
head diameter: about 10-100 cm - by type
shell materials: wood, metal, clay, synthetic materials
How it is recognised
Membrane over a shell, struck to sound
Types by shape, heads and culture
Idiophones such as cymbals and bells have no membrane; a drum container is another sense
Related models
is a kind of - in instrument classification
is a kind of - the category
is confused with - percussion without a membrane
is used in - in ensembles
In practice
Families and kinds
frame drums
kettle drums including timpani
cylindrical and barrel drums such as snare, bass and djembe
talking drums and pressure drums
the drum kit
electronic drums
pot drums such as the udu, and related shakers, sometimes grouped with drums
Identifiers
Hornbostel-Sachs 21 struck membranophones
Standards and regulation
Hornbostel-Sachs classification
Noise and hearing protection guidance for players
CITES restrictions on some skins and woods
Failure modes and hazards
Hearing damage
Head breakage and tuning failure
Cultural misattribution of instruments
Trade restrictions on materials
Also called
+59
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Also registered as vr.tr.drum-animal
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Identify Which drum this is.
Identity.
Type
Type and origin.
Type
Type.
- What type of drum is it, and from which tradition, with attribution? definition
- Is the instrument a drum, another percussion instrument, or is drum used in another sense? boundary
Classification
Classification.
Classification
Classification.
- How is the drum classified in Hornbostel-Sachs and in its own tradition? provenance
- Which entry fits the specific drum? action
Make Construction and tuning.
Craft.
Construction
Construction.
Construction
Construction.
- How are shells and heads made, and from what materials? provenance
- Which entry fits instrument making? action
Tuning
Tuning and sound.
Tuning
Tuning.
- How are drums tuned, and what determines their sound? measurement
- Which entry fits acoustics of percussion? action
Play Playing and roles.
Practice.
Technique
Techniques.
Technique
Technique.
- What playing techniques are used, and how are they taught? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Roles
Roles in music.
Roles
Roles.
- What roles do drums play in ensembles, ceremony and signalling across cultures, with attribution? provenance
- Is the presentation respectful of the tradition? boundary
Context History and health.
Context.
History
History.
History
History.
- How did drums develop across cultures and periods? provenance
- Which entry fits the history of percussion? action
Health
Hearing and safety.
Health
Health.
- What hearing protection guidance applies to drummers? provenance
- Which entry fits hearing protection? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should each major drum type be a separate entry?
- How should instrument collections be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming specific African instruments including shakers; should they be split off?